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| Diagrams that changed the world | Diagrams that changed the world |
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| A picture, the old adage goes, is worth 1,000 words. But in science a diagram can describe things that transcend the written word. A single image can convey the simple underlying pattern hidden by words or equations, says Marcus du Sautoy. | A picture, the old adage goes, is worth 1,000 words. But in science a diagram can describe things that transcend the written word. A single image can convey the simple underlying pattern hidden by words or equations, says Marcus du Sautoy. |
| Draw the right picture and you can literally transform the way we see the world. But a diagram is more than just a physical representation of what we see with our eyes. | Draw the right picture and you can literally transform the way we see the world. But a diagram is more than just a physical representation of what we see with our eyes. |
| The power of a diagram is to crystallise a new way of seeing the world. | The power of a diagram is to crystallise a new way of seeing the world. |
| Often it requires throwing away information, focusing on what is essential. Other times it changes a scientific idea into a visual language providing a new map where the mathematics of geometry takes over and helps us to navigate the science at hand. | Often it requires throwing away information, focusing on what is essential. Other times it changes a scientific idea into a visual language providing a new map where the mathematics of geometry takes over and helps us to navigate the science at hand. |
| Copernicus certainly understood the power of a good picture. In his great opus De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium published shortly before his death in 1543, Copernicus takes 405 pages of words, numbers and equations to explain his heliocentric theory. | Copernicus certainly understood the power of a good picture. In his great opus De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium published shortly before his death in 1543, Copernicus takes 405 pages of words, numbers and equations to explain his heliocentric theory. |
| But it is the diagram that he draws at the beginning of the book that captures in a simple image his revolutionary new idea: it is the Sun that is at the centre of the Solar System, not the Earth. | But it is the diagram that he draws at the beginning of the book that captures in a simple image his revolutionary new idea: it is the Sun that is at the centre of the Solar System, not the Earth. |
| His picture encapsulates some of the essential elements of the best diagrams. The concentric circles are not meant to describe the precise orbits of the planets. | His picture encapsulates some of the essential elements of the best diagrams. The concentric circles are not meant to describe the precise orbits of the planets. |
| Copernicus knew they weren't circles. The uniform distances between the circles aren't meant to tell you how far the planets are from the sun. Rather this picture conveys the simple yet shocking idea that we aren't at the centre of things. His diagram transformed our view of our place in the universe | Copernicus knew they weren't circles. The uniform distances between the circles aren't meant to tell you how far the planets are from the sun. Rather this picture conveys the simple yet shocking idea that we aren't at the centre of things. His diagram transformed our view of our place in the universe |
| But some diagrams do more than just crystallise the essential underlying structure of a complex system. A diagram has the power to create a whole new visual language to navigate a scientific idea. | But some diagrams do more than just crystallise the essential underlying structure of a complex system. A diagram has the power to create a whole new visual language to navigate a scientific idea. |
| Newton's optics diagrams for example transform light into geometry. | Newton's optics diagrams for example transform light into geometry. |
| By representing light as lines Newton is able to use mathematics and geometry to predict the behaviour of light. It was a revolutionary idea. Look at the light that illuminates the world around you. There are no lines. Newton's diagram translates the slippery science of optics into the concrete world of geometry where mathematics becomes the eyes to see what is happening to light. | By representing light as lines Newton is able to use mathematics and geometry to predict the behaviour of light. It was a revolutionary idea. Look at the light that illuminates the world around you. There are no lines. Newton's diagram translates the slippery science of optics into the concrete world of geometry where mathematics becomes the eyes to see what is happening to light. |
| Sometimes a diagram is the crucial step in making people believe in the impossible. | Sometimes a diagram is the crucial step in making people believe in the impossible. |
| Diagram of deaths | Diagram of deaths |
| Mathematicians had been struggling with the idea of the square root of minus one. There seemed to be no number on the number line whose square was negative. Yet experts knew that if such a number existed it would transform their subject. | Mathematicians had been struggling with the idea of the square root of minus one. There seemed to be no number on the number line whose square was negative. Yet experts knew that if such a number existed it would transform their subject. |
| But where was this number? It was a picture drawn independently by three mathematicians at the beginning of the 19th Century that brought these numbers to life. | But where was this number? It was a picture drawn independently by three mathematicians at the beginning of the 19th Century that brought these numbers to life. |
| They created a two dimensional map of numbers where the numbers we'd known about since the Ancient Greeks ran east-west along the horizontal axis while these new imaginary numbers like the square root of minus one extended vertically in the north-south direction. | They created a two dimensional map of numbers where the numbers we'd known about since the Ancient Greeks ran east-west along the horizontal axis while these new imaginary numbers like the square root of minus one extended vertically in the north-south direction. |
| Called the Argand diagram after one of its creators, this picture helped mathematicians to believe in these new numbers. Not only that, the diagram was a potent tool in manipulating these new numbers since the geometry of the diagram reflected the underlying algebra of the numbers they depicted. | Called the Argand diagram after one of its creators, this picture helped mathematicians to believe in these new numbers. Not only that, the diagram was a potent tool in manipulating these new numbers since the geometry of the diagram reflected the underlying algebra of the numbers they depicted. |
| One of the most powerful uses of diagrams though has been in visualising data. Given that we live in an age that generates huge reams of numerical information, finding ways to make sense of all these numbers is essential. | One of the most powerful uses of diagrams though has been in visualising data. Given that we live in an age that generates huge reams of numerical information, finding ways to make sense of all these numbers is essential. |
| Transcend language | Transcend language |
| One of the first to use the visual world to navigate numbers was Florence Nightingale. | One of the first to use the visual world to navigate numbers was Florence Nightingale. |
| Although better known for her contributions to nursing, her greatest achievements were mathematical. She was the first to use the idea of a pie chart to represent data. | Although better known for her contributions to nursing, her greatest achievements were mathematical. She was the first to use the idea of a pie chart to represent data. |
| Nightingale had discovered that the majority of deaths in the Crimea were due to poor sanitation rather than casualties in battle. She wanted to persuade government of the need for better hygiene in hospitals. | Nightingale had discovered that the majority of deaths in the Crimea were due to poor sanitation rather than casualties in battle. She wanted to persuade government of the need for better hygiene in hospitals. |
| She realised though that just looking at the numbers was unlikely to impress ministers. But once those numbers were translated into a picture - her Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East - the message could not be ignored. A good diagram, Nightingale discovered, is certainly worth 1,000 numbers. | She realised though that just looking at the numbers was unlikely to impress ministers. But once those numbers were translated into a picture - her Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East - the message could not be ignored. A good diagram, Nightingale discovered, is certainly worth 1,000 numbers. |
| One of the strengths of all these diagrams is that they transcend language. They can be read and understood by people across the globe. | One of the strengths of all these diagrams is that they transcend language. They can be read and understood by people across the globe. |
| Which is why when we launched our first space craft out of our Solar System in 1972, scientists recognised that a diagram was probably our best bet at communicating to any intelligent life out there in space. | Which is why when we launched our first space craft out of our Solar System in 1972, scientists recognised that a diagram was probably our best bet at communicating to any intelligent life out there in space. |
| Frank Drake and Carl Sagan created in some sense the ultimate diagram (see above), an engraving that was attached to the Pioneer space probe which would communicate in visual language who we are and where we come from. | Frank Drake and Carl Sagan created in some sense the ultimate diagram (see above), an engraving that was attached to the Pioneer space probe which would communicate in visual language who we are and where we come from. |
| It's unlikely that anyone or thing has received our first message to outer space but when they do, it is the clever use of diagrams that has the best chance of saying hello. | It's unlikely that anyone or thing has received our first message to outer space but when they do, it is the clever use of diagrams that has the best chance of saying hello. |
| Marcus du Sautoy is the Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford. His new series, The Beauty of Diagrams, is on BBC Four at 2030 on Thursdays and also available on iPlayer. | Marcus du Sautoy is the Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford. His new series, The Beauty of Diagrams, is on BBC Four at 2030 on Thursdays and also available on iPlayer. |
| Below is a selection of your comments | Below is a selection of your comments |
| I love diagrams. If I'm trying to understand anything I'll generally create some form of diagram - even if the thing itself isn't pictorial. In many ways I pity those that don't think in diagrams because they must have it much harder than me. A good diagram can take a complex concept or collection of data and focus down on the key principles or factors and displays them in a way that is clear to most people. It's a kind of language - but not complex like Russian, it's simple like music. Anyone can listen to music and derive some meaning from it, same with diagrams, anyone should be able to see what the diagram is trying to describe. And the great thing is, the viewer doesn't need to know about how the diagram was developed, just what it is describing. Look at weather maps - a little knowledge of the symbols being used and you're away. And some symbols are universally understood too. Here's a challenge to all - look around you and notice the enormous variety of diagrams that you refer to every day. Even a clock (with hands) is a kind of diagram. | I love diagrams. If I'm trying to understand anything I'll generally create some form of diagram - even if the thing itself isn't pictorial. In many ways I pity those that don't think in diagrams because they must have it much harder than me. A good diagram can take a complex concept or collection of data and focus down on the key principles or factors and displays them in a way that is clear to most people. It's a kind of language - but not complex like Russian, it's simple like music. Anyone can listen to music and derive some meaning from it, same with diagrams, anyone should be able to see what the diagram is trying to describe. And the great thing is, the viewer doesn't need to know about how the diagram was developed, just what it is describing. Look at weather maps - a little knowledge of the symbols being used and you're away. And some symbols are universally understood too. Here's a challenge to all - look around you and notice the enormous variety of diagrams that you refer to every day. Even a clock (with hands) is a kind of diagram. |
| Sandy Fox, Derby, UK | Sandy Fox, Derby, UK |
| Great piece on the importance of data visualization. But I've always hated the Pioneer plaque - its "humans" are not representative of the majority of the species. | Great piece on the importance of data visualization. But I've always hated the Pioneer plaque - its "humans" are not representative of the majority of the species. |
| Annelies, New York, US | Annelies, New York, US |
| Cool - who knew Florence Nightingale invented piecharts? | Cool - who knew Florence Nightingale invented piecharts? |
| Café Sci Schools , via Twitter | Café Sci Schools , via Twitter |
| For complex design projects I've always created illustrative diagrams as a way to simplify the structure of the process. It really works to get concepts across and to explain expectations, steps and organization, especially to an international team. I often make the illustrations humorous as cartoons are particularly effective and stay well in the memory. | For complex design projects I've always created illustrative diagrams as a way to simplify the structure of the process. It really works to get concepts across and to explain expectations, steps and organization, especially to an international team. I often make the illustrations humorous as cartoons are particularly effective and stay well in the memory. |
| Robert Tucker, New York, NY | Robert Tucker, New York, NY |
| A wonderful article, rich without being too verbose. I too use diagrams quite often as a juggler and object manipulator. Object manipulators such as poi spinners and jugglers will use diagrams to share patterns. These diagrams allow members of a culture which exists world-wide to speak across language barriers. They also allow the layman to see the geometric patterns which an object manipulator is trying to achieve in a more whole and stable form. | A wonderful article, rich without being too verbose. I too use diagrams quite often as a juggler and object manipulator. Object manipulators such as poi spinners and jugglers will use diagrams to share patterns. These diagrams allow members of a culture which exists world-wide to speak across language barriers. They also allow the layman to see the geometric patterns which an object manipulator is trying to achieve in a more whole and stable form. |
| Jonah DiGirolamo, Cincinnati, USA | Jonah DiGirolamo, Cincinnati, USA |
| If the original data is like a book, a diagram of the data is like the movie of the book. Even a foreigner who can not read or speak the language could watch the movie and be moved, but it's impossible for him or her to get anything out of the book. | If the original data is like a book, a diagram of the data is like the movie of the book. Even a foreigner who can not read or speak the language could watch the movie and be moved, but it's impossible for him or her to get anything out of the book. |
| XiaoChen Yu, Midlothian, Virginia, USA | XiaoChen Yu, Midlothian, Virginia, USA |
| Great article. Presenting data in a way that everyone understands is as important as generating that data. With so many complex things happening around us, diagrams are the best way to enable people understand the enormity of things. Be it climate change, or habitat destruction, or demographics, or economical imbalance, a properly visualized data gives a whole new perspective. | Great article. Presenting data in a way that everyone understands is as important as generating that data. With so many complex things happening around us, diagrams are the best way to enable people understand the enormity of things. Be it climate change, or habitat destruction, or demographics, or economical imbalance, a properly visualized data gives a whole new perspective. |
| Nirmal G, Massachusetts, USA | Nirmal G, Massachusetts, USA |
| You could say the London Tube map fits the 'diagrams that changed the world theme'. Harry Beck's format set the standard for for the comprehensibility of complex transport systems all over the world. | You could say the London Tube map fits the 'diagrams that changed the world theme'. Harry Beck's format set the standard for for the comprehensibility of complex transport systems all over the world. |
| Dave Sullivan, Milton Keynes | Dave Sullivan, Milton Keynes |
| If you are going to talk of diagrams that changed the world then two that should be mentioned are The Periodic table of the elements and the London underground map. | If you are going to talk of diagrams that changed the world then two that should be mentioned are The Periodic table of the elements and the London underground map. |
| Stephen, St. Ives, England | Stephen, St. Ives, England |
| The Periodic Table. Once you understand the diagram, a huge area of Chemistry is unlocked and the structures of many of the materials around us explained. | The Periodic Table. Once you understand the diagram, a huge area of Chemistry is unlocked and the structures of many of the materials around us explained. |
| David H, Bangkok - Thailand | David H, Bangkok - Thailand |
| I totally agree a diagram is sublime to look at and splendid to communicate. Especially for humans with special needs, thus bringing the human race to a better understanding of each other. Making the world a better place. | I totally agree a diagram is sublime to look at and splendid to communicate. Especially for humans with special needs, thus bringing the human race to a better understanding of each other. Making the world a better place. |
| Edgar og loughran, Belfast | Edgar og loughran, Belfast |