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| Spain dig yields ancient European | Spain dig yields ancient European |
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| Scientists have discovered the oldest human remains in western Europe. | Scientists have discovered the oldest human remains in western Europe. |
| A jawbone and teeth discovered at the famous Atapuerca site in northern Spain have been dated between 1.1 and 1.2 million years old. | A jawbone and teeth discovered at the famous Atapuerca site in northern Spain have been dated between 1.1 and 1.2 million years old. |
| The finds provide further evidence for the great antiquity of human occupation on the continent, the researchers write in the journal Nature. | The finds provide further evidence for the great antiquity of human occupation on the continent, the researchers write in the journal Nature. |
| Scientists also found stone tools and animal bones with tell-tale cut marks from butchering by humans. | Scientists also found stone tools and animal bones with tell-tale cut marks from butchering by humans. |
| The discovery comprises part of a human's lower jawbone. The remains of seven teeth were found still in place; an isolated tooth, belonging to the same individual, was also unearthed. | The discovery comprises part of a human's lower jawbone. The remains of seven teeth were found still in place; an isolated tooth, belonging to the same individual, was also unearthed. |
| The find was made in the Sierra de Atapuerca, a region of gently rolling hills near the Spanish city of Burgos which contain a complex of ancient limestone caves. | The find was made in the Sierra de Atapuerca, a region of gently rolling hills near the Spanish city of Burgos which contain a complex of ancient limestone caves. |
| These caves have yielded abundant, well-preserved evidence of ancient occupation by humans and have been designated a Unesco World Heritage Site. | These caves have yielded abundant, well-preserved evidence of ancient occupation by humans and have been designated a Unesco World Heritage Site. |
| The new remains were unearthed at the archaeological site of Sima del Elefante, which lies just a few hundred metres from two other locations which have yielded ancient human remains. | |
| "It is the oldest human fossil yet found in Western Europe," said co-author Jose Maria Bermudez de Castro, director of Spain's National Research Centre on Human Evolution (CENIEH) in Burgos. | "It is the oldest human fossil yet found in Western Europe," said co-author Jose Maria Bermudez de Castro, director of Spain's National Research Centre on Human Evolution (CENIEH) in Burgos. |
| Ancient migration | Ancient migration |
| Dr Bermudez de Castro said the latest find had anatomical features which linked it to earlier hominins (modern humans, their ancestors and relatives since divergence from apes) discovered in Dmanisi, Georgia - at the gates of Europe. | |
| Several teeth were preserved with the jawThe Georgian hominins lived some 1.7 million years ago and represent an early expansion of humans outside Africa. | Several teeth were preserved with the jawThe Georgian hominins lived some 1.7 million years ago and represent an early expansion of humans outside Africa. |
| The researchers therefore suggest that Western Europe was settled by a population of hominins coming from the east. | The researchers therefore suggest that Western Europe was settled by a population of hominins coming from the east. |
| Once these early people had "won the West" they evolved into a distinct species - Homo antecessor, or "Pioneer Man", say the scientists. | Once these early people had "won the West" they evolved into a distinct species - Homo antecessor, or "Pioneer Man", say the scientists. |
| The scientists now plan to investigate whether Pioneer Man might have been ancestral to Neanderthals and to even our own species Homo sapiens. | The scientists now plan to investigate whether Pioneer Man might have been ancestral to Neanderthals and to even our own species Homo sapiens. |
| Chris Stringer, head of human origins at London's Natural History Museum, said that until more material was discovered from Atapuerca, he was cautious about assigning the new specimen to the species Homo antecessor. | Chris Stringer, head of human origins at London's Natural History Museum, said that until more material was discovered from Atapuerca, he was cautious about assigning the new specimen to the species Homo antecessor. |
| But he added: "However the specimen is classified, when combined with the emerging archaeological evidence, it suggests that southern Europe began to be colonised from western Asia not long after humans had emerged from Africa - something which many of us would have doubted even five years ago." | But he added: "However the specimen is classified, when combined with the emerging archaeological evidence, it suggests that southern Europe began to be colonised from western Asia not long after humans had emerged from Africa - something which many of us would have doubted even five years ago." |
| The Spanish researchers used three different techniques to date the new fossils: palaeomagnetism, cosmogenic nuclide dating and biostratigraphy. | The Spanish researchers used three different techniques to date the new fossils: palaeomagnetism, cosmogenic nuclide dating and biostratigraphy. |
| Dr Bermudez de Castro said they represented the most accurately dated evidence of human occupation in Europe. | Dr Bermudez de Castro said they represented the most accurately dated evidence of human occupation in Europe. |
| Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk | Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk |