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Emmerson Mnangagwa: The 'crocodile' who snapped back Emmerson Mnangagwa: The 'crocodile' who snapped back
(1 day later)
It has been an open secret in Zimbabwe for many years that Emmerson Mnangagwa wanted to succeed Robert Mugabe as president. Emmerson Mnangagwa, the man known as "the crocodile" because of his political cunning, is about to achieve a long-held ambition to succeed Robert Mugabe as Zimbabwe's president.
And now he is about to get his wish. Mr Mugabe, 93, resigned amid a military takeover and mass demonstrations - all sparked by his sacking of Mr Mnangagwa as his vice-president.
For years Mr Mugabe seemed to toy with his emotions - one day promoting him to senior positions in both the ruling Zanu-PF party and the government, raising speculation that Mr Mnangagwa was the "heir apparent", but later demoting him after he possibly displayed his ambitions a bit too openly. "The crocodile", who lived up to his name and snapped back, may have unseated Zimbabwe's only ruler, but he is still associated with some of worst atrocities committed under the ruling Zanu-PF party since independence in 1980.
But after his sacking, it seemed as though the patience of the man known as "the crocodile" finally snapped. One veteran of the liberation struggle, who worked with him for many years, once put it simply: "He's a very cruel man, very cruel."
When Mr Mugabe dismissed him and publicly accused him of "treachery", his supporters in the security forces - where he made his name - intervened on his behalf. But his children see him as a principled, if unemotional, man. His daughter, Farai Mlotshwa - a property developer and the eldest of his nine children by two wives - told BBC Radio 4 that he was a "softie".
But anyone hoping that a Mnangagwa presidency would see an end to human rights abuses in Zimbabwe could be mistaken. His critics say the 71-year-old has blood on his hands. As if to reinforce this softer image of the new leader, a cuddly crocodile soft toy was being passed among the Zanu-PF supporters welcoming him back to the country after Mr Mugabe's resignation.
And what he lacks in charisma and oratory prowess, he makes up for in pragmatism, says close friend and Zanu-PF politician Josiah Hungwe.
"Mnangagwa is a practical person. He is a person who recognises that politics is politics but people must eat," he told the BBC, adding that reforming Zimbabwe's disastrous economy will be the focus of his leadership.
Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa?Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa?
Find out more about Emmerson Mnangagwa on BBC Radio 4's Profile. Find out more on BBC Radio 4's Profile.
Those who fought in the 1970s war, like Mr Mnangagwa, have long monopolised power in Zimbabwe. Five ways Zimbabwe's new leader can revive the economy
Afraid that they would lose their positions if Grace Mugabe were to succeed her husband, as seemed to be on the cards, they took action. The exact year of Mr Mnangagwa's birth is not known - but he is thought to be 75, so nearly 20 years younger than his predecessor.
When his close ally, Gen Constantino Chiwenga, warned against the "purging which is clearly targeting members of the party with a liberation background", it was obviously a reference to Mr Mnangagwa's sacking. Born in the central region of Zvishavane, he is a Karanga - the largest clan of Zimbabwe's majority Shona community.
"When it comes to matters of protecting our revolution, the military will not hesitate to step in," he warned, a threat which was carried out and Mr Mugabe was forced to resign. Some Karangas feel it is their turn for power, following 37 years of domination by Mr Mugabe's Zezuru clan, though he himself has been accused of profiting during his time in power.
Congo connection
Mr Mnangagwa was born in the central region of Zvishavane and is from the Karanga sub-group of Zimbabwe's majority Shona community.
The Karangas are the largest Shona group and some feel it is their turn for power, following 37 years of domination by Mr Mugabe's Zezuru group.
According to a United Nations report in 2001, Mr Mnangagwa was seen as "the architect of the commercial activities of Zanu-PF".According to a United Nations report in 2001, Mr Mnangagwa was seen as "the architect of the commercial activities of Zanu-PF".
This largely related to the operations of the Zimbabwean army and businessmen in the Democratic Republic of Congo.This largely related to the operations of the Zimbabwean army and businessmen in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Zimbabwean troops intervened in the DR Congo conflict on the side of the government and, like those of other countries, were accused of using the conflict to loot some of its rich natural resources such as diamonds, gold and other minerals.Zimbabwean troops intervened in the DR Congo conflict on the side of the government and, like those of other countries, were accused of using the conflict to loot some of its rich natural resources such as diamonds, gold and other minerals.
But despite his money-raising role, Mr Mnangagwa, a lawyer who grew up in Zambia, was not always well-loved by the rank and file of his own party. More recently military officials - many behind his rise to power - have been accused of benefiting from the rich Marange diamond fields in eastern Zimbabwe, with reports of killings and human rights abuses there.
He certainly lacks the charisma of Mr Mugabe. 'Blood on his hands'
One veteran of Zimbabwe's war of independence, who worked with him for many years, once put it simply: "He's a very cruel man, very cruel." Despite his money-raising role, Mr Mnangagwa, a lawyer who grew up in Zambia, was not always well-loved by the rank and file of his own party.
Another Zanu-PF official posed an interesting question when asked about Mr Mnangagwa's prospects: "You think Mugabe is bad, but have you thought that whoever comes after him could be even worse?" A Zanu-PF official posed an interesting question when asked about Mr Mnangagwa's prospects: "You think Mugabe is bad, but have you thought that whoever comes after him could be even worse?"
The opposition candidate who defeated Mr Mnangagwa in the 2000 parliamentary campaign in Kwekwe Central, Blessing Chebundo, would also agree that his rival is not a man of peace. The opposition candidate who defeated Mr Mnangagwa in the 2000 parliamentary campaign in Kwekwe Central, Blessing Chebundo, might agree.
During a bitter campaign, Mr Chebundo escaped death by a whisker when the Zanu-PF youths who had abducted him and doused him with petrol were unable to light a match.During a bitter campaign, Mr Chebundo escaped death by a whisker when the Zanu-PF youths who had abducted him and doused him with petrol were unable to light a match.
Mr Mnangagwa's fearsome reputation was made during the civil war which broke out in the 1980s between Mr Mugabe's Zanu party and the Zapu party of Joshua Nkomo.Mr Mnangagwa's fearsome reputation was made during the civil war which broke out in the 1980s between Mr Mugabe's Zanu party and the Zapu party of Joshua Nkomo.
As National Security Minister, Mr Mnangagwa was in charge of the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO), which worked hand in glove with the army to suppress Zapu. As national security minister, he was in charge of the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO), which worked hand in glove with the army to suppress Zapu.
Thousands of innocent civilians - mainly ethnic Ndebeles, seen as Zapu supporters - were killed before the two parties merged to form Zanu-PF. Thousands of innocent civilians - mainly ethnic Ndebeles, seen as Zapu supporters - were killed in a campaign known as Gukurahundi, before the two parties merged to form Zanu-PF.
Among countless other atrocities, villagers were forced at gunpoint to dance on the freshly dug graves of their relatives and chant pro-Mugabe slogans. Among countless other atrocities carried out by North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade of the army, villagers were forced at gunpoint to dance on the freshly dug graves of their relatives and chant pro-Mugabe slogans.
Despite the 1987 Unity Accord, the wounds are still painful and many party officials, not to mention voters, in Matabeleland would be reluctant to support a Mnangagwa presidency. Mr Mnangagwa has denied any role in the massacres, but the wounds are still painful and many party officials, not to mention voters, in Matabeleland will find a Mnangagwa presidency unpalatable.
Trained in China He does enjoy the support of many of the war veterans who led the campaign of violence against the white farmers and the opposition from 2000.
Mr Mnangagwa, though, does enjoy the support of many of the war veterans who led the campaign of violence against the white farmers and the opposition from 2000. They remember him as one of the men who, following his military training in China and Egypt, directed the fight for independence in the 1960s and 1970s.
They remember him as one of the men who, following his military training in China and Egypt, directed the 1970s fight for independence.
He also attended the Beijing School of Ideology, run by the Chinese Communist Party.He also attended the Beijing School of Ideology, run by the Chinese Communist Party.
'Torture scars'
Mr Mnangagwa's official profile says he was the victim of state violence after being arrested by the white-minority government in the former Rhodesia in 1965, when the "crocodile gang" he led helped blow up a train near Fort Victoria (now Masvingo).Mr Mnangagwa's official profile says he was the victim of state violence after being arrested by the white-minority government in the former Rhodesia in 1965, when the "crocodile gang" he led helped blow up a train near Fort Victoria (now Masvingo).
"He was tortured, severely resulting in him losing his sense of hearing in one ear," the profile says."He was tortured, severely resulting in him losing his sense of hearing in one ear," the profile says.
"Part of the torture techniques involved being hanged with his feet on the ceiling and the head down. The severity of the torture made him unconscious for days.""Part of the torture techniques involved being hanged with his feet on the ceiling and the head down. The severity of the torture made him unconscious for days."
As he was under 21 at the time, he was not executed but instead sentenced to 10 years in prison. As he said was under 21 at the time, he was not executed but instead sentenced to 10 years in prison.
"He has scars from that period. He was young and brave," a close friend of Mr Mnangagwa once said, asking not to be named."He has scars from that period. He was young and brave," a close friend of Mr Mnangagwa once said, asking not to be named.
"Perhaps that explains why he is indifferent. Horrible things happened to him when he was young.""Perhaps that explains why he is indifferent. Horrible things happened to him when he was young."
British journalist Martin Fletcher, who interviewed Mr Mnangagwa in 2016, told the BBC's Radio 4 he would describe him as "probably the most feared man in the country, with the exception of Mugabe himself". His ruthlessness, which it could be argued he learnt from his Rhodesian torturers, is said to have been seen again in 2008 when he reportedly masterminded Zanu-PF's response to Mr Mugabe losing the first round of the president election to long-time rival Morgan Tsvangirai.
However, his daughter Farai disputes perceptions in the media of her father being ruthless and fearsome, saying: "The man I know is actually a softie. He likes to sit down and talk about history and for him, being a patriot is a big thing."
Ice cream plot
His previous demotion came in 2005, when he lost his post as Zanu-PF secretary for administration, which had enabled him to place his supporters in key party positions.
This followed reports that Mr Mnangagwa had been campaigning too hard for the post of vice-president.
But after Mr Mugabe lost the first round of the presidential election to his long-time rival Morgan Tsvangirai in 2008, Mr Mnangagwa was said to have masterminded Zanu-PF's political campaign, co-ordinating the party's links with both army and intelligence.
The military and state security organisations unleashed a campaign of violence against opposition supporters, leaving hundreds dead and forcing thousands from their homes.The military and state security organisations unleashed a campaign of violence against opposition supporters, leaving hundreds dead and forcing thousands from their homes.
Mr Tsvangirai then pulled out of the second round and Mr Mugabe was re-elected.Mr Tsvangirai then pulled out of the second round and Mr Mugabe was re-elected.
Mr Mnangagwa has not commented on allegations he was involved in planning the violence. Mr Mnangagwa has not commented on allegations he was involved in planning the violence, but an insider in the party's security department later confirmed that he was the political link between the army, intelligence and Zanu-PF.
But an insider in the party's security department later confirmed that Mr Mnangagwa was the political link between the army, intelligence and Zanu-PF. Ice cream plot
"He cuts party finance deals, organises the campaign that links both security and party. He has Mugabe's ear on everything." And he was seen as Mr Mugabe's right-hand man - that is until the former first lady Grace Mugabe became politically ambitious and tried to edge him out.
That later changed. Their rivalry took a bizarre turn earlier this year when he fell ill in August at a political rally led by former President Mugabe and had to be airlifted to South Africa.
His rivalry with Grace Mugabe took a bizarre turn earlier this year when he fell ill in August at a political rally led by former President Mugabe and had to be airlifted to South Africa.
His supporters suggested that a rival group within Zanu-PF had poisoned him and appeared to blame ice cream from Mrs Mugabe's dairy firm.His supporters suggested that a rival group within Zanu-PF had poisoned him and appeared to blame ice cream from Mrs Mugabe's dairy firm.
Pragmatic mindset In his first words to cheering supporters after Mr Mugabe's resignation, he spoke about this plot and the more recent plan to "eliminate" him.
With Robert Mugabe out of the picture, many have been left wondering how Mr Mnangagwa will fare in his place. His performance - while not matching Mr Mugabe's eloquence - was well received.
"He's not the most eloquent," Nick Mangwana, Zanu-PF representative in the UK, told the BBC. "He's not pally-pally but more of a do-er, more of a technocrat." "Today we are witnessing the beginning of a new and unfolding democracy," he said, calling for jobs and economic growth
Journalist Martin Fletcher does not see a political opening in the country any time soon. Nick Mangwana, Zanu-PF representative in the UK, accepts that the president-to be is "not the most eloquent".
"I don't think he would liberalise Zimbabwe politically or do anything that eases Zanu-PF's grip on power but he's much more of a pragmatist than Mugabe," he said. "He's not pally-pally but more of a do-er, more of a technocrat."
His youngest son, a Harare DJ know as St Emmo, blames this reticence for his fearsome reputation.
"He was a good father, very very strict. He doesn't say much and I think that's what frightens people - like: 'What is he thinking?'"
British journalist Martin Fletcher, who interviewed Mr Mnangagwa in 2016, does not see a political opening in the country any time soon.
But, he says, there is still hope for the economy, whose collapse has been widely blamed on Mr Mugabe. Zimbabweans are on average 15% poorer now than they were in the 1980s.But, he says, there is still hope for the economy, whose collapse has been widely blamed on Mr Mugabe. Zimbabweans are on average 15% poorer now than they were in the 1980s.
"He understands the need to rebuild the economy if only so that he can pay his security forces - and his survival depends on their loyalty.""He understands the need to rebuild the economy if only so that he can pay his security forces - and his survival depends on their loyalty."
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