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| Syria: Turkish ground troops enter Afrin enclave | Syria: Turkish ground troops enter Afrin enclave |
| (35 minutes later) | |
| Turkish ground troops have crossed into northern Syria as part of Ankara's campaign to rid the border area of Kurdish fighters, Turkey's PM says. | Turkish ground troops have crossed into northern Syria as part of Ankara's campaign to rid the border area of Kurdish fighters, Turkey's PM says. |
| Binali Yildirim said the aim was to establish a 30km (19-mile) "safe zone" deep inside Syria, Turkish reports say. | Binali Yildirim said the aim was to establish a 30km (19-mile) "safe zone" deep inside Syria, Turkish reports say. |
| But the Kurdish YPG militia says it has repelled Turkish troops in Afrin. | But the Kurdish YPG militia says it has repelled Turkish troops in Afrin. |
| Turkey's operation, announced Saturday, risks increasing tensions with the US, which was supporting the YPG in the fight against Islamic State jihadists. | Turkey's operation, announced Saturday, risks increasing tensions with the US, which was supporting the YPG in the fight against Islamic State jihadists. |
| The YPG (Syrian Kurdish People's Protection Units) is part of a US-backed alliance with a number of ethnic Arab militias called the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). The SDF has said it will have no choice but to defend itself if attacked. | The YPG (Syrian Kurdish People's Protection Units) is part of a US-backed alliance with a number of ethnic Arab militias called the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). The SDF has said it will have no choice but to defend itself if attacked. |
| What is happening in Afrin? | What is happening in Afrin? |
| Turkish troops, accompanied by pro-Turkey rebels from the Free Syrian Army (FSA), have already advanced some 5km (3 miles) into Syrian territory, state-run Anadolu news agency reported. | Turkish troops, accompanied by pro-Turkey rebels from the Free Syrian Army (FSA), have already advanced some 5km (3 miles) into Syrian territory, state-run Anadolu news agency reported. |
| But a spokesperson for the YPG, Nouri Mahmoudi, said the group had managed to repel Turkish troops and they were "forced to retreat". | But a spokesperson for the YPG, Nouri Mahmoudi, said the group had managed to repel Turkish troops and they were "forced to retreat". |
| Some 25,000 FSA fighters have joined the offensive on the Turkish side, rebel commander Maj Yasser Abdul Rahim told Reuters. It is not clear how many Turkish soldiers are on the ground. | |
| Turkey's military said it had hit 45 targets on Sunday, as part of its air and ground campaign dubbed "Olive Branch". | Turkey's military said it had hit 45 targets on Sunday, as part of its air and ground campaign dubbed "Olive Branch". |
| It earlier said it had taken out 153 targets belonging to Kurdish militants, although it is unclear if this includes Sunday's figures. | It earlier said it had taken out 153 targets belonging to Kurdish militants, although it is unclear if this includes Sunday's figures. |
| Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan vowed on Sunday to crush the Kurdish fighters in Syria, as well as the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) - which is outlawed in Turkey. | Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan vowed on Sunday to crush the Kurdish fighters in Syria, as well as the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) - which is outlawed in Turkey. |
| "Our jets took off and started bombing. And now, the ground operation is under way. Now we see how the YPG... are fleeing in Afrin," he said. "We will chase them. God willing, we will complete this operation very quickly." | "Our jets took off and started bombing. And now, the ground operation is under way. Now we see how the YPG... are fleeing in Afrin," he said. "We will chase them. God willing, we will complete this operation very quickly." |
| He also warned that anyone joining pro-Kurdish protests in Turkey over the operation would pay a "heavy price". Police later dispersed demonstrators in a number of Turkish cities, including Istanbul, and made several arrests. | |
| Have there been any casualties? | Have there been any casualties? |
| There are reports of fatalities on both sides. | There are reports of fatalities on both sides. |
| The YPG said at least four Turkish soldiers and 10 Syrian rebel fighters supporting them were killed in clashes on Sunday morning, but there has been no confirmation from Turkey | The YPG said at least four Turkish soldiers and 10 Syrian rebel fighters supporting them were killed in clashes on Sunday morning, but there has been no confirmation from Turkey |
| The Kurdish group also said eight civilians had been killed in an air strike on a chicken farm in the village of Jalbara on Sunday. This follows at least nine deaths in strikes on Saturday - six civilians and three fighters - though Ankara said they were all Kurdish militants. | The Kurdish group also said eight civilians had been killed in an air strike on a chicken farm in the village of Jalbara on Sunday. This follows at least nine deaths in strikes on Saturday - six civilians and three fighters - though Ankara said they were all Kurdish militants. |
| At least two Kurdish rockets have hit the Turkish border town of Kilis in the past 24 hours, and there were reports of at least one fatality after three rockets were fired at another border town, Reyhanli, on Sunday. | At least two Kurdish rockets have hit the Turkish border town of Kilis in the past 24 hours, and there were reports of at least one fatality after three rockets were fired at another border town, Reyhanli, on Sunday. |
| The town's mayor said a Syrian national had died, and another 32 were wounded, according to the NTV broadcaster. | The town's mayor said a Syrian national had died, and another 32 were wounded, according to the NTV broadcaster. |
| Turkey's military has been shelling the Afrin region since Thursday, a move which it said was in response to fire coming from the area. | Turkey's military has been shelling the Afrin region since Thursday, a move which it said was in response to fire coming from the area. |
| Why is Turkey targeting US-backed groups? | Why is Turkey targeting US-backed groups? |
| With America's backing of the YPG, Turkey's risky offensive puts Ankara in direct confrontation with its Nato ally, the BBC's Mark Lowen on the Turkish-Syrian border warns. | With America's backing of the YPG, Turkey's risky offensive puts Ankara in direct confrontation with its Nato ally, the BBC's Mark Lowen on the Turkish-Syrian border warns. |
| There is also a danger that the number of those killed in the Syrian war - estimated to be half a million - will rise again with the opening of this new front, he adds. | There is also a danger that the number of those killed in the Syrian war - estimated to be half a million - will rise again with the opening of this new front, he adds. |
| The YPG has been a key part of the battle against Islamic State in Syria, and has been given support by the US. | The YPG has been a key part of the battle against Islamic State in Syria, and has been given support by the US. |
| Turkey, however, believes the group has links to the banned PKK, and has for several months been threatening to clear Kurdish fighters from Afrin and another city, Manbij, which lies 100km away. | Turkey, however, believes the group has links to the banned PKK, and has for several months been threatening to clear Kurdish fighters from Afrin and another city, Manbij, which lies 100km away. |
| Turkey was angered when the US announced it would help the SDF alliance build a new "border security force" to prevent the return of IS. President Erdogan called the border force a "terror army". | Turkey was angered when the US announced it would help the SDF alliance build a new "border security force" to prevent the return of IS. President Erdogan called the border force a "terror army". |
| The YPG and SDF deny any terrorist links - a claim backed by the US government. | The YPG and SDF deny any terrorist links - a claim backed by the US government. |
| How have key players reacted? | How have key players reacted? |
| Western powers, including the US and France, are urging restraint, and the UN Security Council is due to hold an emergency debate on Monday. | |
| "They warned us before they launched the aircraft they were going to do it, in consultation with us. And we are working now on the way ahead," US Defence Secretary Jim Mattis told reporters on Sunday. | |
| "We'll work this out," he added. | |
| Syrian President Bashar al-Assad condemned the incursion on Sunday, saying "the brutal Turkish aggression" on Afrin was part of Ankara's policy of "support for terrorism" in Syria. | Syrian President Bashar al-Assad condemned the incursion on Sunday, saying "the brutal Turkish aggression" on Afrin was part of Ankara's policy of "support for terrorism" in Syria. |
| Russia - a key ally of President Assad - also said it was concerned by the news, and withdrew some of its troops based in the area. | Russia - a key ally of President Assad - also said it was concerned by the news, and withdrew some of its troops based in the area. |
| Moscow will demand Turkey halt its military operations at the UN meeting, according to Russian senator Frants Klintsevich, who is the deputy chairman of the defence and security committee. | |
| Iran, another Syria ally, called for a quick end to the operation "to prevent a deepening of the crisis" in the border region between the two countries. |