This article is from the source 'bbc' and was first published or seen on . It last changed over 40 days ago and won't be checked again for changes.
You can find the current article at its original source at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-44279504
The article has changed 6 times. There is an RSS feed of changes available.
| Version 4 | Version 5 |
|---|---|
| Mamoudou Gassama: Travelling is a rite of passage for many Malians | Mamoudou Gassama: Travelling is a rite of passage for many Malians |
| (about 13 hours later) | |
| Mamoudou Gassama's four-storey dash to save a small boy in France is a reminder of another Malian hero who gained international prominence for a brave rescue. | Mamoudou Gassama's four-storey dash to save a small boy in France is a reminder of another Malian hero who gained international prominence for a brave rescue. |
| In January 2015, Lassana Bathily was credited with saving the lives of six hostages including a baby during an extremist attack on a Jewish supermarket in Paris. He led them to a safe hiding place, escaped, then directed gendarmes to them. | In January 2015, Lassana Bathily was credited with saving the lives of six hostages including a baby during an extremist attack on a Jewish supermarket in Paris. He led them to a safe hiding place, escaped, then directed gendarmes to them. |
| Two weeks later - after six years of struggling to secure legal residency in France - Mr Bathily was given a medal and a French passport by then President François Hollande. | Two weeks later - after six years of struggling to secure legal residency in France - Mr Bathily was given a medal and a French passport by then President François Hollande. |
| In 2016, he wrote a book ''Je ne suis pas un heros'' (I am no hero) and created a charity whose first project was to provide irrigation for his home village in western Mali. | In 2016, he wrote a book ''Je ne suis pas un heros'' (I am no hero) and created a charity whose first project was to provide irrigation for his home village in western Mali. |
| 'Humanity and love' | 'Humanity and love' |
| Like Mr Bathily's selfless leadership to save the hostages, Mr Gassama's heroic climb to save the boy cements the image of Mali as a country with a culture of old-fashioned public spiritedness. | Like Mr Bathily's selfless leadership to save the hostages, Mr Gassama's heroic climb to save the boy cements the image of Mali as a country with a culture of old-fashioned public spiritedness. |
| Following Mr Gassama's meeting with French President Emmanuel Macron, Mali's ambassador in France, Toumani Djimé Diallo, said: ''The courage of our young compatriot aged 22, an undocumented migrant, shows that his values are of humanity and love for his neighbour. | Following Mr Gassama's meeting with French President Emmanuel Macron, Mali's ambassador in France, Toumani Djimé Diallo, said: ''The courage of our young compatriot aged 22, an undocumented migrant, shows that his values are of humanity and love for his neighbour. |
| "These are fundamental values in Malian society and are Republican values shared by France.'' | "These are fundamental values in Malian society and are Republican values shared by France.'' |
| Mr Gassama, who is understood to have been in France for only six months, is among thousands of Malians still making the journey to Europe, despite much-publicised measures to limit immigration to the continent. | Mr Gassama, who is understood to have been in France for only six months, is among thousands of Malians still making the journey to Europe, despite much-publicised measures to limit immigration to the continent. |
| This is not only because of the failure, so far, of European Union attempts to stop people from crossing the Sahara and Mediterranean. | This is not only because of the failure, so far, of European Union attempts to stop people from crossing the Sahara and Mediterranean. |
| It is also because many of those of who leave Mali - including Mr Gassama, as his surname indicates - are from the Soninke ethnic group. | It is also because many of those of who leave Mali - including Mr Gassama, as his surname indicates - are from the Soninke ethnic group. |
| Large-scale expulsions | Large-scale expulsions |
| For Soninko (the plural of Soninke), travelling has for centuries been an obligatory rite of passage to manhood. | For Soninko (the plural of Soninke), travelling has for centuries been an obligatory rite of passage to manhood. |
| So well established is the Malian travelling tradition - and so strong are the emigrants' links with home - that when Mali's population is stated to be 12 million, the figure includes a diaspora estimated at about three million people. | So well established is the Malian travelling tradition - and so strong are the emigrants' links with home - that when Mali's population is stated to be 12 million, the figure includes a diaspora estimated at about three million people. |
| The Ministry for Overseas Malians says that remittances from the diaspora - estimated at more than $3bn (£2.25bn) per year - easily provide a third of the country's GDP. | The Ministry for Overseas Malians says that remittances from the diaspora - estimated at more than $3bn (£2.25bn) per year - easily provide a third of the country's GDP. |
| But it is important to keep perspective on African emigration. Most sub-Saharan Africans who travel to seek work do so within the African continent - and because of Mali's strong emigration tradition, its statistics are a useful indicator of the broader picture. | But it is important to keep perspective on African emigration. Most sub-Saharan Africans who travel to seek work do so within the African continent - and because of Mali's strong emigration tradition, its statistics are a useful indicator of the broader picture. |
| Data collected by the ministry shows that of 89,134 Malians repatriated by force or voluntarily between 2002 and 2013, more than 90% (81,755) were sent back by other African countries - in particular, Ivory Coast, Libya, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. | Data collected by the ministry shows that of 89,134 Malians repatriated by force or voluntarily between 2002 and 2013, more than 90% (81,755) were sent back by other African countries - in particular, Ivory Coast, Libya, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. |
| As a matter of comparison, in the same period, European countries expelled 5,947 Malians. | As a matter of comparison, in the same period, European countries expelled 5,947 Malians. |
| More recently, there have been large-scale expulsions of Malians from the Central African Republic, Angola and Gabon. | More recently, there have been large-scale expulsions of Malians from the Central African Republic, Angola and Gabon. |
| Storming fences | Storming fences |
| Many African countries have well-established Malian - chiefly Soninke - communities which are engaged in trade. | Many African countries have well-established Malian - chiefly Soninke - communities which are engaged in trade. |
| As a consequence, a Malian who travels - be it to Nouakchott or New York - has friends and solidarity wherever he or she goes. | As a consequence, a Malian who travels - be it to Nouakchott or New York - has friends and solidarity wherever he or she goes. |
| For the Malians who do travel to Europe there are two options. Those who have a relative in the EU - most often in France or Spain - might seek an invitation and a tourist visa, secured legally but on which they might decide to overstay. For them, the preferred means of travel is by air. | For the Malians who do travel to Europe there are two options. Those who have a relative in the EU - most often in France or Spain - might seek an invitation and a tourist visa, secured legally but on which they might decide to overstay. For them, the preferred means of travel is by air. |
| For the past 30 years, migrants from sub-Saharan Africa without passports or visas have used four main routes to cross by boat to Europe. | For the past 30 years, migrants from sub-Saharan Africa without passports or visas have used four main routes to cross by boat to Europe. |
| The busiest, until 2012, was to the Canary Islands which belong to Spain. But this exit point was blocked after Spain's Gardia Civil, or law enforcement agency, was stationed in Mauritania. They are still there. | The busiest, until 2012, was to the Canary Islands which belong to Spain. But this exit point was blocked after Spain's Gardia Civil, or law enforcement agency, was stationed in Mauritania. They are still there. |
| Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish enclaves on the northern Mediterranean shore of Morocco. In recent years, there have been occasional, spectacular storming by migrants of the fences around the enclaves. Moroccan co-operation with the EU has largely closed this route. | Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish enclaves on the northern Mediterranean shore of Morocco. In recent years, there have been occasional, spectacular storming by migrants of the fences around the enclaves. Moroccan co-operation with the EU has largely closed this route. |
| Malta and southern Italy (Lampedusa) are reached by boat from Algeria and Tunisia. | Malta and southern Italy (Lampedusa) are reached by boat from Algeria and Tunisia. |
| But this route is less in favour at the moment as it requires travelling through Algeria - which has sent back 27,000 migrants since 2015 and is regularly criticised by human rights groups for treating them in a degrading way. | But this route is less in favour at the moment as it requires travelling through Algeria - which has sent back 27,000 migrants since 2015 and is regularly criticised by human rights groups for treating them in a degrading way. |
| Also, Algeria is reached after a six-day truck journey through the desert of northern Mali, where landmines and other explosive devices are a threat. | Also, Algeria is reached after a six-day truck journey through the desert of northern Mali, where landmines and other explosive devices are a threat. |
| Empire crushed | Empire crushed |
| The favoured route across the desert has moved eastwards. As a result of anti-migration moves by the EU in Mauritania and Morocco, the insecurity in northern Mali and the instability in Libya, the favoured exit point from the south into the desert is now Niger. | The favoured route across the desert has moved eastwards. As a result of anti-migration moves by the EU in Mauritania and Morocco, the insecurity in northern Mali and the instability in Libya, the favoured exit point from the south into the desert is now Niger. |
| This is where the EU is currently concentrating its efforts to reduce emigration. | This is where the EU is currently concentrating its efforts to reduce emigration. |
| About 7,000 African travellers were made to turn back in Niger last year, up from 1,400 in 2014. More than 2,000 returns in the first three months of 2018 suggest another record year. | About 7,000 African travellers were made to turn back in Niger last year, up from 1,400 in 2014. More than 2,000 returns in the first three months of 2018 suggest another record year. |
| European policymakers argue that the best way to reduce immigration pressure from Africa is for rich countries to help create economic opportunities in countries like Mali for the continent's young population. | European policymakers argue that the best way to reduce immigration pressure from Africa is for rich countries to help create economic opportunities in countries like Mali for the continent's young population. |
| This is partly true. But Soninke men - like the 22-year-old Mr Gassama - will continue to travel. | This is partly true. But Soninke men - like the 22-year-old Mr Gassama - will continue to travel. |
| It has been like that ever since the Ouagadou Empire, which was built on the wealth from gold and salt exports, was crushed by Soundiata Keita's Mali Empire 700 years ago. | |
| When things got tough for the Soninkes, fathers began to encourage their sons to travel away in the lean season, instructing them to return only once they had enough money to get married and establish a family. | When things got tough for the Soninkes, fathers began to encourage their sons to travel away in the lean season, instructing them to return only once they had enough money to get married and establish a family. |
| So the EU will not find it easy to reverse a tradition that dates back to the year 1240 or thereabouts. | So the EU will not find it easy to reverse a tradition that dates back to the year 1240 or thereabouts. |
| Knowing that Soninkes will always be on the move, the best option would be for other, emerging African countries - perhaps with the help of European investment - to speed up their development and accommodate energetic and fearless Malians like Mr Gassama. | Knowing that Soninkes will always be on the move, the best option would be for other, emerging African countries - perhaps with the help of European investment - to speed up their development and accommodate energetic and fearless Malians like Mr Gassama. |
| More about migration: | More about migration: |