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| Bloodiest year so far in Afghanistan | Bloodiest year so far in Afghanistan |
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| By Caroline Wyatt BBC defence correspondent | By Caroline Wyatt BBC defence correspondent |
| Afghanistan has been traumatised by 30 years of war and civil conflict | Afghanistan has been traumatised by 30 years of war and civil conflict |
| British forces are now being killed in Afghanistan at a faster rate than during the invasion of Iraq. | British forces are now being killed in Afghanistan at a faster rate than during the invasion of Iraq. |
| This year has been the bloodiest year so far in Afghanistan for the Nato and US missions there since the Taleban was removed from government in 2001, with senior defence officials in the UK admitting the Taleban are proving "more resilient" than expected. | This year has been the bloodiest year so far in Afghanistan for the Nato and US missions there since the Taleban was removed from government in 2001, with senior defence officials in the UK admitting the Taleban are proving "more resilient" than expected. |
| Parts of Afghanistan are on a "spiral downwards", according to the incoming US Commander of Centcom, General David Petraeus, in charge of a wide area including all US operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. | Parts of Afghanistan are on a "spiral downwards", according to the incoming US Commander of Centcom, General David Petraeus, in charge of a wide area including all US operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. |
| An analysis of the official casualty figures released in August by the Medical Research Council (MRC) in Britain, shows that in Afghanistan from 31 March to 17 August, UK soldiers were being killed at a rate of eight per 1,000 personnel years. This followed a sharp increase in roadside bomb attacks by insurgents. | An analysis of the official casualty figures released in August by the Medical Research Council (MRC) in Britain, shows that in Afghanistan from 31 March to 17 August, UK soldiers were being killed at a rate of eight per 1,000 personnel years. This followed a sharp increase in roadside bomb attacks by insurgents. |
| During the first six weeks of the invasion of Iraq, the death toll was six per 1,000 personnel years. | During the first six weeks of the invasion of Iraq, the death toll was six per 1,000 personnel years. |
| The MRC's statistics also showed that from 31 March to 17 August 2008, in Afghanistan there were 24 UK deaths out of a force of 8,000, but during the same 20-week period in Iraq there were no deaths of UK soldiers out of a deployment of 4,000. | The MRC's statistics also showed that from 31 March to 17 August 2008, in Afghanistan there were 24 UK deaths out of a force of 8,000, but during the same 20-week period in Iraq there were no deaths of UK soldiers out of a deployment of 4,000. |
| The idea that it might get worse before it gets better is certainly a possibility Gen David McKiernan href="/1/hi/uk/7616301.stm">UK fatalities in Afghanistan and Iraq | |
| The coalition death rate in Iraq stood at 7.5 per 1,000 personnel years during the worst of the fighting. It is now down to under three per 1,000 personnel years in Iraq since the successful US surge. | The coalition death rate in Iraq stood at 7.5 per 1,000 personnel years during the worst of the fighting. It is now down to under three per 1,000 personnel years in Iraq since the successful US surge. |
| Senior military figures in both Britain and the US confirm that insurgents in Afghanistan are adopting methods used by the insurgency in Iraq, and that while the situation in Iraq is now 'heading in the right direction', the campaign in Afghanistan is badly in need of concerted efforts to unify the chain of command and bring a new coherence to the international mission. | Senior military figures in both Britain and the US confirm that insurgents in Afghanistan are adopting methods used by the insurgency in Iraq, and that while the situation in Iraq is now 'heading in the right direction', the campaign in Afghanistan is badly in need of concerted efforts to unify the chain of command and bring a new coherence to the international mission. |
| Britain has 7,800 troops, stationed mainly in Helmand Province, while the US has some 33,000 troops in Afghanistan in total, with 13,000 of those serving as part of the Nato-led coalition. | Britain has 7,800 troops, stationed mainly in Helmand Province, while the US has some 33,000 troops in Afghanistan in total, with 13,000 of those serving as part of the Nato-led coalition. |
| However, defence sources have made clear that there will be no new British troop reinforcements for Afghanistan beyond the extra 230 service personnel due to be deployed by the end of this year. | However, defence sources have made clear that there will be no new British troop reinforcements for Afghanistan beyond the extra 230 service personnel due to be deployed by the end of this year. |
| In contrast to Britain, the US is reinforcing its troop numbers in Afghanistan as it prepares to withdraw thousands of troops from Iraq. | In contrast to Britain, the US is reinforcing its troop numbers in Afghanistan as it prepares to withdraw thousands of troops from Iraq. |
| DEATHS PER PERSONNEL YEARS The Medical Research Council reports fatality rates per 1,000 personnel-years, not as a ratio per 1,000 soldiersBecause number of soldiers deployed, and period of time they are deployed for, constantly changesEg. 20 deaths among 2,000 soldiers deployed for six months is actually twice the fatality rate of 20 deaths among 2,000 soldiers deployed for one yearTo allow meaningful comparisons between death rates over time, the number of soldiers present must be multiplied by the time they are at warSo, 1,000 personnel on operations for one year contribute 1,000 personnel years. So do 4,000 troops on operations for three months Deaths in Iraq and Afghanistan pdf | |
| US General David McKiernan, who has oversight of the US-led mission Operation Enduring Freedom, told reporters in Washington this week: "The idea that it might get worse before it gets better is certainly a possibility." | US General David McKiernan, who has oversight of the US-led mission Operation Enduring Freedom, told reporters in Washington this week: "The idea that it might get worse before it gets better is certainly a possibility." |
| Although he also insisted he was certain the insurgents "would not win". | Although he also insisted he was certain the insurgents "would not win". |
| The US defence secretary, Robert Gates, has also asked Nato members to contribute more cash towards doubling the size of the Afghan National Army to 134,000 troops in four years' time and reinforcing the Afghan Police, with the building up of both forces key to any eventual exit strategy for the West. | The US defence secretary, Robert Gates, has also asked Nato members to contribute more cash towards doubling the size of the Afghan National Army to 134,000 troops in four years' time and reinforcing the Afghan Police, with the building up of both forces key to any eventual exit strategy for the West. |
| There is an acknowledgement today that Afghanistan's size, geography, demographics and history present a more complex challenge than was perhaps realised in the heady, early days of 2001. | There is an acknowledgement today that Afghanistan's size, geography, demographics and history present a more complex challenge than was perhaps realised in the heady, early days of 2001. |
| Multinational forces are trying to come to grips with an insurgency in an under-developed, socially-conservative country traumatised by 30 years of war and civil conflict, in a nation in which 70% of people live in isolated, rural regions. | Multinational forces are trying to come to grips with an insurgency in an under-developed, socially-conservative country traumatised by 30 years of war and civil conflict, in a nation in which 70% of people live in isolated, rural regions. |
| However, while many in the West are gloomy about the lack of progress being made in Afghanistan, the picture in Iraq is looking increasingly optimistic, even though commanders warn that the gains made remain fragile and reversible. | However, while many in the West are gloomy about the lack of progress being made in Afghanistan, the picture in Iraq is looking increasingly optimistic, even though commanders warn that the gains made remain fragile and reversible. |
| It is expected that the 4,000 British forces still stationed in Basra will begin to draw down in earnest some time next year. No British servicemen or women have been killed in Iraq since this March, although their main base at Basra air station is still the target of some rocket attacks by militants. | It is expected that the 4,000 British forces still stationed in Basra will begin to draw down in earnest some time next year. No British servicemen or women have been killed in Iraq since this March, although their main base at Basra air station is still the target of some rocket attacks by militants. |
| In Afghanistan, it is roadside bombs which pose the biggest threat. | In Afghanistan, it is roadside bombs which pose the biggest threat. |
| Mastiffs and Jackals | |
| They now account for almost 60% of coalition deaths, highlighting the vulnerability of vehicles such as the "Snatch" Land Rover still being used by British forces. Over the past five years, more than 30 British soldiers have been killed in the lightly-armoured vehicles in southern Afghanistan. | They now account for almost 60% of coalition deaths, highlighting the vulnerability of vehicles such as the "Snatch" Land Rover still being used by British forces. Over the past five years, more than 30 British soldiers have been killed in the lightly-armoured vehicles in southern Afghanistan. |
| However, British troops are to be supplied with 600 new armoured vehicles. | However, British troops are to be supplied with 600 new armoured vehicles. |
| The Ministry of Defence and Treasury agreed a £500m deal which should see a variety of vehicles, including the more heavily-armoured Mastiffs and Jackals, delivered to Afghanistan by next spring. | The Ministry of Defence and Treasury agreed a £500m deal which should see a variety of vehicles, including the more heavily-armoured Mastiffs and Jackals, delivered to Afghanistan by next spring. |
| In further efforts to reduce the exposure of forces to roadside bombs, the UK and France have also pushed for members of Nato who have not deployed combat troops to Afghanistan to contribute £30m to supply extra military helicopters and trained crews for the mission - although it is not yet clear when the first will be ready to be sent. | In further efforts to reduce the exposure of forces to roadside bombs, the UK and France have also pushed for members of Nato who have not deployed combat troops to Afghanistan to contribute £30m to supply extra military helicopters and trained crews for the mission - although it is not yet clear when the first will be ready to be sent. |