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Brexit: How can Article 50 be extended? Brexit: How can Article 50 be extended?
(6 days later)
MPs have voted for Theresa May to ask the EU to delay Brexit by extending Article 50. How would the process work? Theresa May is heading to Brussels this week, to ask the European Union (EU) to delay Brexit by extending Article 50 until 30 June. How does the process work?
Article 50 is part of the EU's Lisbon Treaty - the section sets out what happens when a country decides that it wants to leave the European Union. Article 50 is part of the Lisbon Treaty that sets out what happens when a country decides that it wants to leave the EU.
It allows a two-year period for negotiations on a divorce - finalising a withdrawal agreement and drawing up the broad outlines of a future relationship.It allows a two-year period for negotiations on a divorce - finalising a withdrawal agreement and drawing up the broad outlines of a future relationship.
The UK triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017, which means that it is set to leave the EU on 29 March this year. The default position in law at the moment is that - deal or no deal - 29 March is when Brexit will happen, whether the UK is ready or not. The Article 50 period comes to an end on 29 March, so the default position in law at the moment is that - deal or no deal - that is when Brexit will happen, whether the UK is ready or not.
The UK makes a requestThe UK makes a request
One way around this would be for the UK to ask for Article 50 to be extended to allow more time to finalise a deal, or perhaps come up with an alternative outcome via an election or another referendum. But having failed to win two "meaningful votes" on its Brexit agreement in the House of Commons, the government is now asking for Article 50 to be extended.
But it is not something the UK can do alone. That would give the government more time to finalise a deal. Others hope an extension could produce an alternative outcome via an election or another referendum.
The UK would need to go to Brussels to get the unanimous agreement of all 27 other EU countries. But the UK cannot make a decision about an extension on its own - it needs to get the agreement of all 27 other EU countries.
There is an EU leaders' summit scheduled for 21 to 22 March, during which a formal request for an extension could be made and approved. Theresa May has sent a letter making a formal request for an extension, until 30 June, in time for an EU summit in Brussels when the other 27 EU leaders will have to decide whether to approve it.
It is also possible in theory that a decision could be made even later, perhaps at ministerial or ambassadorial level, as long as it took place by 29 March. The EU27 leaders could approve the UK's request in principle and it could then be finalised even later, perhaps at ministerial or ambassadorial level, as long as that happened before 23:00 GMT on 29 March.
"First the request must be made," said a spokeswoman for the European Commission, "and then it is a decision of unanimity from all member states. There have been suggestions that another summit of EU leaders might have to take place next week.
"There are a number of avenues for making decisions and it is not specified in Article 50 how the decision should be made." Any extension would also need to be approved by votes in the House of Commons and the House of Lords, allowing the government to make a simple change to the law removing the reference to 29 March as exit day and replacing it with another date.
The EU's decisionThe EU's decision
But the EU is not obliged to say yes. Other EU leaders would want to know why the UK was asking for an extension. But the EU is not obliged to say yes to the UK's request. Other EU leaders will want to know precisely why the UK is asking for an extension.
If it was just to allow time for even more argument at Westminster, they might not be impressed. If it is just to allow time for even more argument at Westminster, they will not be impressed.
So, the UK would need to have a pretty clear plan. So, the UK needs to set out exactly what it's asking for - and the EU could set some conditions of its own.
The EU's chief negotiator Michel Barnier told the European Parliament: "It is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. They have to tell us what it is they want for our future relations, what will their choice be? That is the question that has to be answered before a decision on a possible further extension." This point was emphasised at a news conference in Brussels by the EU's chief negotiator, Michel Barnier.
If a short extension was needed for a few weeks - to make sure any last-minute deal gets turned into law in the right way - that would almost certainly get the green light. Otherwise, the EU could get the blame for a no-deal Brexit. "What would be the purpose and the outcome of an extension?" he said. "And how can we ensure that at the end of a possible extension we are not back in the same situation as today?
Even a three-month extension, until the end of June, should not be too complicated. There are European elections in May, but the new parliament does not sit for the first time until the first week of July. "Extending the uncertainty without a clear plan would add to the economic cost for our businesses but could also incur a political cost for the EU.
That means that the outgoing parliament, including UK members of the European Parliament (MEPs), could be asked to sit in special session if it was needed to ratify a Brexit deal. "It is for the British government and Parliament to decide very quickly what the UK wants to do next."
If the government finally gets its deal through the House of Commons and a short extension is needed - to make sure any last-minute deal gets turned into law in the right way - that should get the green light. Otherwise, the EU could get the blame for a no-deal Brexit.
But how long is short?
There are European elections from 23-26 May, but the new parliament does not sit for the first time until the first week of July.
The European Commission insists that the UK cannot stay in the EU beyond 23 May if it doesn't take part in the elections. But others including the European Parliament's legal service argue that an extension to the end of June would be fine because the new parliament would not have held its first session by then.
It would mean that the outgoing parliament, including its UK representatives - Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) - could be asked to sit in special session if it was needed to ratify a Brexit deal.
But if the government failed to get any deal through Parliament before the end of June, the UK would once again be looking at the prospect of leaving the EU with no deal.
And that could give the EU pause for thought.
A longer extensionA longer extension
But any extension for longer than three months, while possible in theory, gets into much more tricky legal and political territory. The prime minister has been firm in saying that she isn't asking for a longer extension because she "shares the frustration" that many people feel about the Brexit process.
The UK government says that it has no intention of taking part in May's European elections, even if Brexit has not happened by then, so the UK would have no MEPs in the new European Parliament, even though it would still be a member state. And any extension of more than three months, while certainly possible, gets into much more tricky legal and political territory.
Other countries could well insist that part of the price of a longer Article 50 extension would be the UK agreeing to take part in the European elections. Both the UK and the European Commission say it would mean the UK would have to take part in May's European elections. Otherwise, the UK would have no MEPs in the new European Parliament, even though it was still a member state.
Or perhaps existing MEPs could be asked to stay on for a temporary period. Some prominent lawyers disagree about the need to take part in the elections and say a legal fix could be found - existing MEPs could be asked to stay on for a temporary period or national MPs could be appointed to ensure the UK was properly represented.
But political realities suggest that taking part in the elections will probably be a condition for a longer extension. And the UK would need to decide by 11 April whether it would legislate for holding elections in May.
So, time is still tight for decisions to be made.
If the EU decided to offer the UK a longer extension of anything between nine and 21 months, it could have a get-out clause: an understanding that it would leave the EU earlier than the specified date if the government managed to get an exit deal passed in Parliament.
But, for the moment, that is not what the prime minister is asking for.
Revoking Article 50Revoking Article 50
Article 50 can also be withdrawn or revoked. The UK can do that without consulting anyone else. It would mean that Brexit would not happen and the UK would remain in the EU. But Prime Minister Theresa May has said that should not happen. It's worth pointing out that Article 50 can also be withdrawn or revoked. The UK can do that without consulting anyone else. It would mean that Brexit would not happen and the UK would remain in the EU. But Theresa May has said she does not intend to do that.
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has ruled that a revocation should be "unequivocal and unconditional", suggesting that the ECJ would take a dim view of any attempt to withdraw an Article 50 notification and then resubmit it again later.The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has ruled that a revocation should be "unequivocal and unconditional", suggesting that the ECJ would take a dim view of any attempt to withdraw an Article 50 notification and then resubmit it again later.
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