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| Indian soldiers die in Kashmir gun battle as tensions escalate | Indian soldiers die in Kashmir gun battle as tensions escalate |
| (2 months later) | |
| Four Indian soldiers and two militants have been killed in clashes in disputed Kashmir as security personnel hunt for members of an insurgent group that killed at least 40 paramilitaries last week. | Four Indian soldiers and two militants have been killed in clashes in disputed Kashmir as security personnel hunt for members of an insurgent group that killed at least 40 paramilitaries last week. |
| Police said they were fired on by militants as they searched a village in Kashmir’s southern Pulwama district, close to where a car laden with explosives rammed a paramilitary convoy on Thursday. | Police said they were fired on by militants as they searched a village in Kashmir’s southern Pulwama district, close to where a car laden with explosives rammed a paramilitary convoy on Thursday. |
| “As the searches were going on, terrorists from inside the target house fired indiscriminately on the search party,” police said. “In the initial burst of fire, four army jawans and one civilian sustained critical gun shot injuries.” | “As the searches were going on, terrorists from inside the target house fired indiscriminately on the search party,” police said. “In the initial burst of fire, four army jawans and one civilian sustained critical gun shot injuries.” |
| Two militants were also killed in the 12-hour gunfight that followed. Police were still searching the village on Monday afternoon. | Two militants were also killed in the 12-hour gunfight that followed. Police were still searching the village on Monday afternoon. |
| India enacts reprisals against Pakistan after Kashmir bombing | India enacts reprisals against Pakistan after Kashmir bombing |
| Police said the identities and affiliations of the dead militants were still being ascertained, but Indian media have claimed they belonged to Jaish-e-Mohammed, the Islamist group involved in Thursday’s attack and may have had direct involvement. | Police said the identities and affiliations of the dead militants were still being ascertained, but Indian media have claimed they belonged to Jaish-e-Mohammed, the Islamist group involved in Thursday’s attack and may have had direct involvement. |
| The region in the foothills of the Himalayas has been under dispute since India and Pakistan came into being in 1947. | The region in the foothills of the Himalayas has been under dispute since India and Pakistan came into being in 1947. |
| Both claim it in full, but each controls a section of the territory, separated by one of the world's most heavily militarised borders: the ‘line of control’ based on a ceasefire border established after a 1947-48 war. China controls another part in the east. | Both claim it in full, but each controls a section of the territory, separated by one of the world's most heavily militarised borders: the ‘line of control’ based on a ceasefire border established after a 1947-48 war. China controls another part in the east. |
| India and Pakistan have gone to war a further two times over Kashmir, most recently in 1999. Artillery, mortar and small arms fire are still frequently exchanged. | India and Pakistan have gone to war a further two times over Kashmir, most recently in 1999. Artillery, mortar and small arms fire are still frequently exchanged. |
| After the partition of colonial India in 1947, small, semi-autonomous ‘princely states’ across the subcontinent were being folded into India or Pakistan. The ruler of Kashmir dithered over which to join until tribal fighters entered from Pakistan intent on taking the region for Islamabad. | After the partition of colonial India in 1947, small, semi-autonomous ‘princely states’ across the subcontinent were being folded into India or Pakistan. The ruler of Kashmir dithered over which to join until tribal fighters entered from Pakistan intent on taking the region for Islamabad. |
| Kashmir asked Delhi for assistance, signing a treaty of accession in exchange for the intervention of Indian troops, who fought the Pakistanis to the modern-day line of control. | Kashmir asked Delhi for assistance, signing a treaty of accession in exchange for the intervention of Indian troops, who fought the Pakistanis to the modern-day line of control. |
| In 1948, the UN security council called for a referendum in Kashmir to determine which country the region would join or whether it would become an independent state. The referendum has never been held. | In 1948, the UN security council called for a referendum in Kashmir to determine which country the region would join or whether it would become an independent state. The referendum has never been held. |
| In its 1950 constitution, India granted Kashmir a large measure of independence. But since then it has eroded some of that autonomy and repeatedly intervened to rig elections and dismiss and jail democratically elected leaders. | In its 1950 constitution, India granted Kashmir a large measure of independence. But since then it has eroded some of that autonomy and repeatedly intervened to rig elections and dismiss and jail democratically elected leaders. |
| Kashmir’s special status, given in exchange for joining the Indian union, had been in place since 14 May 1954. Under article 370, the state was given a separate constitution, a flag, and autonomy over all matters except for foreign affairs and defence. | |
| An additional provision, article 35a, prevented people from outside the state buying land in the territory. Many Kashmiris believed this was crucial to protecting the demography of the Muslim-majority state and its way of life. | An additional provision, article 35a, prevented people from outside the state buying land in the territory. Many Kashmiris believed this was crucial to protecting the demography of the Muslim-majority state and its way of life. |
| The ruling Bharatiya Janata party repeatedly promised to scrap such rules, a long-term demand of its Hindu nationalist support base. But analysts warned doing so would almost certainly ignite unrest. | The ruling Bharatiya Janata party repeatedly promised to scrap such rules, a long-term demand of its Hindu nationalist support base. But analysts warned doing so would almost certainly ignite unrest. |
| On Wednesday 31 October 2019, the government formally revoked Kashmir’s special status. The government argued that the provision had only ever intended to be temporary and that scrapping it would boost investment in Kashmir. Critics, however, said the move would escalate tensions with Pakistan – which quickly called India’s actions illegal – and fuel resentment in Kashmir, where there is an insurgency against Indian rule. | |
| There has been an armed insurgency against Indian rule over its section of Kashmir for the past three decades. Indian soldiers and Pakistan-backed guerrillas fought a war rife with accusations of torture, forced disappearances and extra-judicial killing. | There has been an armed insurgency against Indian rule over its section of Kashmir for the past three decades. Indian soldiers and Pakistan-backed guerrillas fought a war rife with accusations of torture, forced disappearances and extra-judicial killing. |
| Until 2004, the militancy was made up largely of Pakistani and Afghan fighters. Since then, especially after protests were quashed with extreme force in 2016, locals have made up a growing share of the anti-India fighters. | Until 2004, the militancy was made up largely of Pakistani and Afghan fighters. Since then, especially after protests were quashed with extreme force in 2016, locals have made up a growing share of the anti-India fighters. |
| For Indians, control of Kashmir – part of the country’s only Muslim-majority state – has been proof of its commitment to religious pluralism. For Pakistan, a state founded as a homeland for south Asian Muslims, it is the last occupied home of its co-religionists. Michael Safi and Rebecca Ratcliffe | For Indians, control of Kashmir – part of the country’s only Muslim-majority state – has been proof of its commitment to religious pluralism. For Pakistan, a state founded as a homeland for south Asian Muslims, it is the last occupied home of its co-religionists. Michael Safi and Rebecca Ratcliffe |
| Jaish-e-Mohammed is based in Pakistan, and India has announced several reprisals against its neighbour and promised to avenge the bombing, the deadliest in the history of Kashmir’s 30-year insurgency. | Jaish-e-Mohammed is based in Pakistan, and India has announced several reprisals against its neighbour and promised to avenge the bombing, the deadliest in the history of Kashmir’s 30-year insurgency. |
| Five more soldiers have died since Thursday’s attack, including in an improvised explosive device blast on Saturday near the ceasefire line between Indian- and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir. Both countries claim the region in full but rule separate sections divided by a heavily militarised border. | Five more soldiers have died since Thursday’s attack, including in an improvised explosive device blast on Saturday near the ceasefire line between Indian- and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir. Both countries claim the region in full but rule separate sections divided by a heavily militarised border. |
| India | India |
| Pakistan | Pakistan |
| Kashmir | Kashmir |
| South and Central Asia | South and Central Asia |
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