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| Prison Book Bans Called ‘Arbitrary and Irrational’ | Prison Book Bans Called ‘Arbitrary and Irrational’ |
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| A prison in Ohio blocked an inmate from receiving a biology textbook over concerns that it contained nudity. In Colorado, prison officials rejected Barack Obama’s memoirs because they were “potentially detrimental to national security.” And a prison in New York tried to ban a book of maps of the moon, saying it could “present risks of escape.” | A prison in Ohio blocked an inmate from receiving a biology textbook over concerns that it contained nudity. In Colorado, prison officials rejected Barack Obama’s memoirs because they were “potentially detrimental to national security.” And a prison in New York tried to ban a book of maps of the moon, saying it could “present risks of escape.” |
| These examples, which occurred over several years, highlight the “arbitrary” restrictions placed on books in prisons nationwide, according to a report released Tuesday from PEN America, a nonprofit that advocates freedom of expression. | |
| Federal and state officials who set the book policies have said restrictions, which varies from prison to prison, can help prevent inmates from getting information that leads to escapes or to fights. They said the restrictions also keep out weapons and contraband that could be smuggled in with the books. | Federal and state officials who set the book policies have said restrictions, which varies from prison to prison, can help prevent inmates from getting information that leads to escapes or to fights. They said the restrictions also keep out weapons and contraband that could be smuggled in with the books. |
| But the report said that excessive restrictions are frequently put into place with little regulatory oversight or public scrutiny. | But the report said that excessive restrictions are frequently put into place with little regulatory oversight or public scrutiny. |
| “The system of restrictions on book access in our prisons is the largest book ban in the United States,” said James Tager, PEN America’s deputy director of free expression policy and research and author of the report. | “The system of restrictions on book access in our prisons is the largest book ban in the United States,” said James Tager, PEN America’s deputy director of free expression policy and research and author of the report. |
| The nonprofit estimates that 2.2 million people are incarcerated in the United States. | The nonprofit estimates that 2.2 million people are incarcerated in the United States. |
| It is not possible to tally the total number of books banned because many restrictions are set in secret. But news reports have found that banned book lists totaled 20,000 in Florida, 10,000 in Texas and 7,000 in Kansas, according to the report. | It is not possible to tally the total number of books banned because many restrictions are set in secret. But news reports have found that banned book lists totaled 20,000 in Florida, 10,000 in Texas and 7,000 in Kansas, according to the report. |
| The report was released during Banned Books Week, an awareness campaign sponsored by the American Library Association, National Coalition Against Censorship and other groups. | The report was released during Banned Books Week, an awareness campaign sponsored by the American Library Association, National Coalition Against Censorship and other groups. |
| It outlines several different types of book restrictions. | It outlines several different types of book restrictions. |
| In one type, prison officials look at the specific content of a book, ruling some out if they contain, for example, sexual content, descriptions of criminal behavior or language that might help or prompt people to try and escape from prison. | In one type, prison officials look at the specific content of a book, ruling some out if they contain, for example, sexual content, descriptions of criminal behavior or language that might help or prompt people to try and escape from prison. |
| In Texas, those types of restrictions have ruled out books by the authors Alice Walker, John Updike, Pablo Neruda, Joyce Carol Oates and Bob Dole. In Arizona, a book on sketching and a physics textbook were banned, the report said. | In Texas, those types of restrictions have ruled out books by the authors Alice Walker, John Updike, Pablo Neruda, Joyce Carol Oates and Bob Dole. In Arizona, a book on sketching and a physics textbook were banned, the report said. |
| Mr. Tager said he had grown increasingly concerned over restrictions on books about civil rights or prison conditions — issues that people in prison might confront daily. Among the examples in the report is a move by the Arizona Department of Corrections to ban the book “Chokehold: Policing Black Men,” which is about the subjugation of black men in the American criminal justice system. | Mr. Tager said he had grown increasingly concerned over restrictions on books about civil rights or prison conditions — issues that people in prison might confront daily. Among the examples in the report is a move by the Arizona Department of Corrections to ban the book “Chokehold: Policing Black Men,” which is about the subjugation of black men in the American criminal justice system. |
| The Arizona Department of Corrections previously said in March that “Chokehold” was unauthorized because of concerns it might be “detrimental to the safe, secure and orderly operation of the facility.” | The Arizona Department of Corrections previously said in March that “Chokehold” was unauthorized because of concerns it might be “detrimental to the safe, secure and orderly operation of the facility.” |
| The department reversed itself in June after the American Civil Liberties Union threatened a First Amendment lawsuit, The Arizona Republic reported. | The department reversed itself in June after the American Civil Liberties Union threatened a First Amendment lawsuit, The Arizona Republic reported. |
| Another type of restriction targets broad categories of books, regardless of their content. | Another type of restriction targets broad categories of books, regardless of their content. |
| The report cites an example in New York where, in 2017, the State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision started a pilot program that limited the books that people in prison could receive to those offered by five preapproved vendors. | The report cites an example in New York where, in 2017, the State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision started a pilot program that limited the books that people in prison could receive to those offered by five preapproved vendors. |
| Books Through Bars, a nonprofit, said that would have limited the books available to “five romance novels, 14 bibles and other religious texts, 24 drawing or coloring books, 21 puzzle books, 11 guitar, chess, and how-to books, one dictionary, and one thesaurus,” according to the PEN report. | Books Through Bars, a nonprofit, said that would have limited the books available to “five romance novels, 14 bibles and other religious texts, 24 drawing or coloring books, 21 puzzle books, 11 guitar, chess, and how-to books, one dictionary, and one thesaurus,” according to the PEN report. |
| Gov. Andrew Cuomo suspended that program in 2018. The department said in a statement Thursday that it did not ban books, and that the program to limit the vendors was designed to stem the flow of drugs and other contraband into prisons. | Gov. Andrew Cuomo suspended that program in 2018. The department said in a statement Thursday that it did not ban books, and that the program to limit the vendors was designed to stem the flow of drugs and other contraband into prisons. |
| The department said it was currently working to deliver tablets to inmates statewide by mid-October, which would give them access to some e-books, free music and videos. | The department said it was currently working to deliver tablets to inmates statewide by mid-October, which would give them access to some e-books, free music and videos. |
| Amy Peterson, who previously served on the board of New York City’s Books Through Bars group and taught writing in five prisons in the state, said that the report’s conclusions did not break new ground. | Amy Peterson, who previously served on the board of New York City’s Books Through Bars group and taught writing in five prisons in the state, said that the report’s conclusions did not break new ground. |
| “The story of books being banned in prison has been told so many times that it surprises me that anyone is surprised by it anymore,” she said. | “The story of books being banned in prison has been told so many times that it surprises me that anyone is surprised by it anymore,” she said. |
| Still, Ms. Peterson said she had personally experienced the arbitrariness of restrictions. One officer at the Fishkill Correctional Facility, for example, would tear pages out of notebooks if they were not relevant to certain classes, she said, adding that she saw the officer stop someone from bringing in an abstract drawing because they said it “could be part of a diagram that shows a weapon.” | Still, Ms. Peterson said she had personally experienced the arbitrariness of restrictions. One officer at the Fishkill Correctional Facility, for example, would tear pages out of notebooks if they were not relevant to certain classes, she said, adding that she saw the officer stop someone from bringing in an abstract drawing because they said it “could be part of a diagram that shows a weapon.” |
| The PEN report, while not specifically calling for an elimination on book restrictions, called for more explicit, consistent and transparent policies that are regularly updated. The report also recommended hearings in Congress on book restrictions. | The PEN report, while not specifically calling for an elimination on book restrictions, called for more explicit, consistent and transparent policies that are regularly updated. The report also recommended hearings in Congress on book restrictions. |
| In a 1996 law, Congress made it more difficult for inmates to challenge book bans by requiring that they first exhaust all possible appeals processes in prisons, which are often complex, before filing a lawsuit. The report called for the law, the Prison Litigation Reform Act, to be repealed or changed. | In a 1996 law, Congress made it more difficult for inmates to challenge book bans by requiring that they first exhaust all possible appeals processes in prisons, which are often complex, before filing a lawsuit. The report called for the law, the Prison Litigation Reform Act, to be repealed or changed. |
| “As a society, the U.S. must articulate and defend the right to read in prison,” the report said. “Otherwise the nation’s largest book banning policy will remain unchallenged.” | “As a society, the U.S. must articulate and defend the right to read in prison,” the report said. “Otherwise the nation’s largest book banning policy will remain unchallenged.” |