This article is from the source 'bbc' and was first published or seen on . It last changed over 40 days ago and won't be checked again for changes.

You can find the current article at its original source at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51736185

The article has changed 20 times. There is an RSS feed of changes available.

Version 16 Version 17
Coronavirus: What's the risk on transport? Coronavirus: What's the risk on transport?
(14 days later)
Many are waiting to see if overseas holidays could be back on the cards this summer. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has said anyone can now use public transport at any time in England, removing previous restrictions.
Meanwhile the easing of lockdown restrictions is expected to increase passenger demand on public transport. But what are the risks of catching Covid-19 on trains, buses and planes?
So what are the risks of getting Covid-19 on planes, trains and buses? How safe are trains and buses?
Planes Little research has been done on specific risks on transport, but we can apply what we know so far about general virus transmission.
It's a common belief that you are more likely to become ill on an aeroplane, because you're breathing "stale" air.
In fact, the air on a plane may well be better quality than in the average office (and almost certainly better than a train or a bus).
Prof Qingyan Chen, at Purdue University in Indiana, who studies air quality in different passenger vehicles, estimates that the air on a plane is completely replaced every two to three minutes, compared with every 10 to 12 minutes in an air-conditioned building.
That's because most planes have something called a high-efficiency particulate air filter (Hepa). This system can capture smaller particles than ordinary air-conditioning systems, including some viruses.
The filter sucks in fresh air from outside and mixes it with the air already in the cabin, meaning that at any one time, half the air is fresh and half is not. Many ordinary air-conditioning systems merely recirculate the same air to save energy.
However, it may be harder to distance from others on a plane, which increases the transmission risk.
Coronavirus spreads when an infected person coughs, sneezes or exhales small droplets packed with the virus into the air.Coronavirus spreads when an infected person coughs, sneezes or exhales small droplets packed with the virus into the air.
These droplets can enter the body through the eyes, nose and mouth, either directly or after touching a contaminated object.These droplets can enter the body through the eyes, nose and mouth, either directly or after touching a contaminated object.
Vicki Hertzberg, from Emory University in the US, took samples from surfaces on 10 transcontinental flights in 2018 and found they "looked like your living room". In other words, there's nothing notable in the plane samples compared with tests they had done in buildings and other types of transport, she says. The risk indoors, in enclosed spaces, is higher than outdoors.
But again, being confined to a smaller space with lots of people could increase the risk of touching a contaminated surface. Indoors, good ventilation helps - so being able to open a window on public transport can be an advantage.
It's difficult to generalise about the risks on any form of transport because there are various factors that increase or decrease the risk. For example, on a long-haul flight passengers might move around more and, should they have the virus, risk spreading it further. A lot of the potential risk of infection on trains and buses depends on how crowded they are and how far away you can keep from other people at stops, stations and on board.
How safe are trains and buses? In England, the government's message is now to stay 1m or more apart from people outside your household.
A lot of the potential risk of infection on trains and buses depends on how crowded they are, and so how far away you can keep from other people. This applies both on the vehicles and at stops and stations, and will vary in different parts of the country and on different routes. While it's known that the virus can contaminate surfaces in enclosed areas like on public transport, it's not certain exactly how often that actually translates to a new infection.
Ventilation also plays an important role as fresh air can help droplets containing the virus dissipate faster, so being able to open a window can be an advantage. Some groups have attempted to model the risk on train carriages - but key questions remain unanswered.
The government's consistent message has been to stay 2m (6ft) apart from people outside your household - though this is reducing to "1m plus" in England from 4 July. Older research has suggested a link between commuting on the London Underground and the likelihood of catching respiratory illnesses.
Previous research has suggested a link between commuting on the London Underground and the likelihood of catching respiratory illnesses.
Dr Lara Gosce, at the Institute of Global Health, says her research (published in 2018) showed people who used the Underground regularly were more likely to suffer flu-like symptoms.Dr Lara Gosce, at the Institute of Global Health, says her research (published in 2018) showed people who used the Underground regularly were more likely to suffer flu-like symptoms.
"Particularly, it shows that boroughs served by fewer lines - where inhabitants are forced to change line one or more times when travelling on the Underground - have higher rates of influenza-like diseases, compared to well-served boroughs where passengers reach their destination by one direct trip," she said. Keeping a distance, wearing a mask and avoiding touching surfaces (or washing your hands if you do), can all mitigate the risk of infection.
So, "limiting the number of close contacts with potentially infected individuals and objects is important," according to Dr Gosce.
What is the advice for passengers?What is the advice for passengers?
The government says people should "consider all other forms of transport before using public transport". If they can't walk, cycle or drive to their destination, they are advised to:The government says people should "consider all other forms of transport before using public transport". If they can't walk, cycle or drive to their destination, they are advised to:
Where keeping a distance is not possible, at busy times or getting on or off public transport, the advice is to avoid physical contact, face away from others and wearing face coverings. Face coverings are mandatory on public transport in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland and will be required in Wales from 27 July.
This can reduce the risk of the wearer passing on coronavirus and is now mandatory on public transport in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In Wales it is "advised".
What safety measures are travel operators taking?What safety measures are travel operators taking?
TfL has installed hand sanitisers at all tube, rail and bus stations and has also introduced a rigorous cleaning schedule. Transport for London has installed hand sanitisers at all tube, rail and bus stations and has also introduced a rigorous cleaning schedule. It is also asking passengers to avoid rush hour if possible.
Network Rail, which owns Britain's rail infrastructure, introduced a new timetable on Monday 18 May, which added about 3,000 trains per day. But the company said passenger capacity was still only between 10% and 13% of normal levels. Network Rail, which owns Britain's rail infrastructure, has been carrying out "deep cleans" and making changes in stations so people can maintain social distancing.
It says it has been carrying out "deep cleans" and making changes in stations so people can maintain social distancing. Arriva Buses has encouraged the use of non-cash payment methods and will no longer give change for cash payments. In exceptional circumstances, it will accept cash when the correct fare can be given.
Arriva Buses has only been accepting contactless payment and will no longer give change for cash payments. Avanti West Coast trains is working to government guidance around social distancing and the 1m plus rule to decide which seats to make available.
Planes
It's a common belief that you are more likely to become ill on an aeroplane, because you're breathing "stale" air.
In fact, the air on a plane may well be better quality than in the average office (and almost certainly better than a train or a bus).
Prof Qingyan Chen, at Purdue University in Indiana, estimates that the air on a plane is completely replaced every two to three minutes, compared with every 10 to 12 minutes in an air-conditioned building.
Most planes have something called a high-efficiency particulate air filter (Hepa). This system can capture smaller particles than ordinary air-conditioning systems, including some viruses.
It mixes fresh air from outside with the air already in the cabin. Many ordinary air-conditioning systems recirculate the same air to save energy.
However, it may be harder to distance from others on a plane, which increases the transmission risk.
It's difficult to generalise about the risks on any form of transport because there are various factors that increase or decrease the risk. For example, on a long-haul flight passengers might move around more and, should they have the virus, risk spreading it further.