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Gerry Adams illegally held during Troubles, supreme court rules
Gerry Adams urges ministers to act after court internment ruling
(about 5 hours later)
Ex-Sinn Féin leader wins fight to overturn two convictions for attempting to escape from Maze prison
Ruling that ex-Sinn Féin leader was unlawfully detained in 1970s prompts call for other Troubles-era cases to be scrutinised
The former Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams was interned illegally at the height of Northern Ireland’s Troubles because the wrong minister approved his detention order, the supreme court has ruled.
The legality of every internment during the Troubles will have to be scrutinised, the former Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams has urged, after his convictions for escaping from the Maze prison were quashed by the supreme court.
His two convictions for attempting to escape from the Maze prison in the 1970s have also been quashed by the UK’s highest court.
The unanimous decision of the UK’s highest court is likely to affect scores of claims from republicans and loyalists who are challenging their detention without trial during the 1970s.
The unanimous decision follows a hearing in London last year at which lawyers for the 71-year-old challenged the way he was held under emergency legislation.
Five justices ruled that because the then secretary of state for Northern Ireland, Willie Whitelaw, had not personally considered whether to intern Adams the requirements of the Detention of Terrorists (Northern Ireland) Order 1972 were not satisfied.
Delivering judgment, Lord Kerr said: “We hold that the power [to make a detention order] should have been exercised by the secretary of state and that therefore that the making of the interim custody order was invalid since the secretary of state had not himself considered it. In consequence, Mr Adam’s detention was unlawful.”
Delivering judgment, Lord Kerr said: “It was clearly intended that the making of an [interim custody order] ICO, as opposed to the signing of the order, had to be the outcome of personal consideration by the secretary of state. In this case, a minister in the Northern Ireland Office had made the ICO. That minister could have signed the order, but he could not validly make it.
Adams, who has always denied being a member of the IRA, was taken into custody under article 4 of the Detention of Terrorists (Northern Ireland) Order 1972, which covered anyone whom the secretary of state for Northern Ireland “suspected of having been concerned in the commission or attempted commission of any act of terrorism”.
The regulations required that the Northern Ireland secretary be involved personally in making any such decision.
Documents released to the public records office under the 30-year rule revealed that the government knew there had been a procedural irregularity in relation to the detention of Adams and other republicans who tried to escape with him from the heavily guarded internment camp.
A note dated 17 July 1974 recorded a meeting held by the then Labour prime minister, Harold Wilson, called to consider “an urgent problem which the attorney general had brought to his attention”.
The note explained that “following a recent attempt to escape by four prisoners [a reference to Adams and others] from the Maze, an examination of the papers concerning those prisoners revealed that applications for interim custody orders concerning three of them had not been examined personally by the previous secretary of state for Northern Ireland during the Conservative administration.
“It now appeared that the [previous] Conservative administration had left both tasks to junior ministers in the Northern Ireland office and, according to [the attorney general’s] information, there might be as many as 200 persons unlawfully detained in Northern Ireland.” Adams’s order had been signed by a minister of state.
The supreme court was asked to decide whether it was parliament’s intention that only the secretary of state for Northern Ireland should have the power to make an interim custody order.
The director of public prosecutions for Northern Ireland, who was the respondent in the case, successfully argued in the Northern Ireland courts that the Carltona principle – based on a 1943 test case – allows that “where parliament specifies that a decision is to be taken by a specified minister, generally that decision may be taken by an appropriate person on behalf of the minister”.
Adams, who was a Sinn Féin TD for Louth in the Irish Dáil until February, was not present at the supreme court hearing in London last November.
The case was heard by five justices including the lord chief justice of England and Wales, Lord Burnett. Kerr, a former lord chief justice of Northern Ireland, presided.
Adams was first interned in March 1972 and was released in June that year to take part in secret talks with the Conservative government in London. More than 1,900 suspects were interned in the early years of the Troubles as violence spiralled out of control. Those held were overwhelmingly nationalists or republicans; not all were members of paramilitary organisations.
Adams was rearrested in July 1973 in Belfast and taken to the Maze, also known as Long Kesh detention centre. On Christmas Eve 1973 he was one of four detainees caught attempting to break out. A hole had been cut in a perimeter fence and all four men were already out of the prison.
His second escape attempt, in July 1974, was a more elaborate scheme involving kidnapping a man who had a striking resemblance to him from a bus stop in west Belfast. The man was taken to a house where his hair was dyed and he was given a false beard, the lower courts in Belfast were told.
His double was driven to the Maze where the plan was that he would be swapped for Adams in a visiting hut. Prison staff had been alerted, however, and Adams was arrested in the car park of the jail. He was later sentenced to 18 months in jail for the first escape attempt and an additional three years for the second attempt, after two separate trials before single judges sitting without a jury.
Presenting Adams’ appeal at the supreme court, Sean Doran QC said: “Everything goes back to the original order … We would ask the court to rule that those convictions are now unsafe.”
Kerr said: “The structure of the 1972 [Detention of Terrorists] Order is such that it was clearly intended that the making of an ICO, as opposed to the signing of the order had to be the outcome of personal consideration by the secretary of state. In this case, a minister in the Northern Ireland Office had made the ICO. That minister could have signed the order, but he could not validly make it.
“As a result, Mr Adams’ detention had not been lawfully authorised. His detention was therefore invalid, and it followed that he should not have been convicted of attempting to escape from lawful custody for the elementary but inevitable reason that the custody in which he had been detained was, in fact, not lawful. His appeal is therefore allowed, and his convictions are quashed.”
“As a result, Mr Adams’ detention had not been lawfully authorised. His detention was therefore invalid, and it followed that he should not have been convicted of attempting to escape from lawful custody for the elementary but inevitable reason that the custody in which he had been detained was, in fact, not lawful. His appeal is therefore allowed, and his convictions are quashed.”
Adams, 71, who has always denied being a member of the IRA, called on the government to identify and inform others whose internment may also have been unlawful. Between 1971 and 1975 almost 2,000 people were detained without trial.
Documents released to the public records office under the 30-year rule revealed that the then-British prime minister, Harold Wilson, knew there had been procedural irregularities in the detention of Adams and other republicans who tried to escape from the heavily guarded camp.
“So the knowledge of my unlawful detention was known by the most senior level of the British system,” Adams said following the judgment.
“Of course internment … was never lawful. In fact it set aside the normal principles of law and was based on a blunt and brutal piece of coercive legislation. I have no regrets about my imprisonment, except for the time I was separated from my family.
“There is an onus on the British government to identify and inform other internees whose internment may also have been unlawful.”
KRW Law, the Belfast solicitors who act on behalf of 15 former republican and 19 former loyalist internees, said their orders will have to be checked to see whether there had been “proper authorisation by the relevant secretary of state at the time of detention”
Those held were overwhelmingly nationalists or republicans; not all were members of paramilitary organisations.
Adams was first interned in March 1972 and was released in June that year to take part in secret talks with the Conservative government in London.
He was rearrested in July 1973 in Belfast and taken to the Maze, also known as Long Kesh detention centre. On Christmas Eve 1973 he was one of four detainees caught attempting to break out. A hole had been cut in a perimeter fence and all four men were already out of the prison.
His second attempt, in July 1974involved kidnapping a man who had a striking resemblance to him from a bus stop in west Belfast. The man was taken to a house where his hair was dyed and he was given a false beard.
His double was driven to the Maze where the plan was that he would be swapped for Adams in a visiting hut. Prison staff had been alerted, however, and Adams was arrested.
The leader of the Ulster Unionist party, Steve Aiken MLA, said IRA victims would be “left dismayed and angry” by the judicial decision.
