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| How do you survive a disaster? | How do you survive a disaster? |
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| You're in a crowd of people and suddenly all pandemonium is unleashed. Faced with a threat to your life, the mind does strange things. How do you get out alive, asks Stephen Cooter. | You're in a crowd of people and suddenly all pandemonium is unleashed. Faced with a threat to your life, the mind does strange things. How do you get out alive, asks Stephen Cooter. |
| No matter how terrible they look from the outside, in almost every disaster, be it a plane crash, a ferry disaster or a terrorist attack, someone usually gets out alive. | No matter how terrible they look from the outside, in almost every disaster, be it a plane crash, a ferry disaster or a terrorist attack, someone usually gets out alive. |
| And while it's impossible to be prepared for every eventuality, scientists are discovering that there are things we can all do to increase our chances of survival should the worst happen. | And while it's impossible to be prepared for every eventuality, scientists are discovering that there are things we can all do to increase our chances of survival should the worst happen. |
| ASSESS THE RISK | ASSESS THE RISK |
| While many of us are afraid of flying, very few fear driving even though we're much more likely to die on the roads than we are in a plane crash. Even fewer of us might consider falling a risk, but in 2007 falling (like falling out of bed or down stairs) killed about 400 more people in England and Wales than land transport accidents. | |
| Hear how Susan Harrison saved her own life in 7 July Tube bombings | Hear how Susan Harrison saved her own life in 7 July Tube bombings |
| The reason is that our brain has evolved to use simple shortcuts to estimate risk rather than doing a full, logical, analysis. One of the shortcuts we use is our memory, but the trouble is some things are simply more memorable than others. | The reason is that our brain has evolved to use simple shortcuts to estimate risk rather than doing a full, logical, analysis. One of the shortcuts we use is our memory, but the trouble is some things are simply more memorable than others. |
| "Threats like plane crashes and terrorism, while they don't occur very often they leave very dramatic memory traces," says John Maule, professor of human decision making at Leeds University Business School. | "Threats like plane crashes and terrorism, while they don't occur very often they leave very dramatic memory traces," says John Maule, professor of human decision making at Leeds University Business School. |
| "And because of that those traces are highly accessible. We know therefore that people consistently overestimate the likelihoods of those events." | "And because of that those traces are highly accessible. We know therefore that people consistently overestimate the likelihoods of those events." |
| So one way we might increase our chances of survival could be to remember the dangers we face everyday and not just those we see on the news. | So one way we might increase our chances of survival could be to remember the dangers we face everyday and not just those we see on the news. |
| REACT QUICKLY | REACT QUICKLY |
| Contrary to what you might think, many people put their lives in danger by not reacting immediately disaster strikes. FIND OUT MORE... Horizon: How to Survive a Disaster is on BBC2 on Tuesday 10 March at 2100 GMTOr catch up using the iPlayer | Contrary to what you might think, many people put their lives in danger by not reacting immediately disaster strikes. FIND OUT MORE... Horizon: How to Survive a Disaster is on BBC2 on Tuesday 10 March at 2100 GMTOr catch up using the iPlayer |
| In his analysis of the evacuation of the World Trade Center on September 11, evacuation expert Professor Ed Galea found people took a surprisingly long time to leave their desks. | In his analysis of the evacuation of the World Trade Center on September 11, evacuation expert Professor Ed Galea found people took a surprisingly long time to leave their desks. |
| The average was around 5-8 minutes, but he found some waited up to 40 minutes after the planes hit before leaving, finishing e-mails, filing things away, shutting down computers and even going to the toilet before evacuating. | The average was around 5-8 minutes, but he found some waited up to 40 minutes after the planes hit before leaving, finishing e-mails, filing things away, shutting down computers and even going to the toilet before evacuating. |
| Professor Galea believes many of us underestimate the need to act quickly when disaster strikes. | Professor Galea believes many of us underestimate the need to act quickly when disaster strikes. |
| "People just don't appreciate that in these situations every second can mean the difference between life and death". | "People just don't appreciate that in these situations every second can mean the difference between life and death". |
| EXPECT MIND GAMES | EXPECT MIND GAMES |
| "A lot of people assume in an emergency situation that their thinking, their perception, the way their mind works is all going to stay the same. And that's not the case, it changes," says Professor Andrew Silke of the University of East London.The mind can freeze in a crisis | "A lot of people assume in an emergency situation that their thinking, their perception, the way their mind works is all going to stay the same. And that's not the case, it changes," says Professor Andrew Silke of the University of East London.The mind can freeze in a crisis |
| Many of these changes help people to survive. Tunnel vision is a common change experienced by survivors that helps people concentrate on survival. | Many of these changes help people to survive. Tunnel vision is a common change experienced by survivors that helps people concentrate on survival. |
| Many survivors also report a phenomenon called time distortion - most commonly seeing events unfold in slow-motion. | Many survivors also report a phenomenon called time distortion - most commonly seeing events unfold in slow-motion. |
| "What's happening here is that your brain has shifted into a higher gear. And it's taking in more information. And as a result of this you'll get a sense that time has slowed down but it's only that your brain has shifted operations. It is now operating more effectively and faster than before." | "What's happening here is that your brain has shifted into a higher gear. And it's taking in more information. And as a result of this you'll get a sense that time has slowed down but it's only that your brain has shifted operations. It is now operating more effectively and faster than before." |
| But the brain has a limit, so too much stress means that everything shuts down and the ability to cope, to concentrate or to focus disappears. And in that situation we might find ourselves doing the wrong thing. | But the brain has a limit, so too much stress means that everything shuts down and the ability to cope, to concentrate or to focus disappears. And in that situation we might find ourselves doing the wrong thing. |
| In his analysis of the 1985 Manchester Airport disaster, in which 55 people died, survival psychologist Dr John Leach found that some passengers stopped to take luggage out of the overhead bins, rather than escape from the aircraft. And others were unable to do anything at all, frozen in their seats until they were engulfed in flames. | In his analysis of the 1985 Manchester Airport disaster, in which 55 people died, survival psychologist Dr John Leach found that some passengers stopped to take luggage out of the overhead bins, rather than escape from the aircraft. And others were unable to do anything at all, frozen in their seats until they were engulfed in flames. |
| PREPARE FOR THE WORST | PREPARE FOR THE WORST |
| "The time to start thinking about what you do in an emergency isn't when you're in an emergency," says Mr Silke.Oil rig men are trained in disaster emergencies | "The time to start thinking about what you do in an emergency isn't when you're in an emergency," says Mr Silke.Oil rig men are trained in disaster emergencies |
| However, experts are agreed that the best way to avoid freezing and increasing your chances of survival is preparation. And while you may not be able to take part in formal training exercises, there are still things you can do to prepare. | However, experts are agreed that the best way to avoid freezing and increasing your chances of survival is preparation. And while you may not be able to take part in formal training exercises, there are still things you can do to prepare. |
| Mr Silke believes that just visualising what might go wrong and then thinking through what you would do to get out can save precious seconds. | Mr Silke believes that just visualising what might go wrong and then thinking through what you would do to get out can save precious seconds. |
| "Once you've thought about the scenario you now have a plan inside your brain about this scenario. And so if it does actually happen you can pull that plan out and implement it there and then." | "Once you've thought about the scenario you now have a plan inside your brain about this scenario. And so if it does actually happen you can pull that plan out and implement it there and then." |
| BE CONFIDENT | BE CONFIDENT |
| And finally, it's vital that once you have a plan you're prepared to put it into action rather than waiting to be rescued. | And finally, it's vital that once you have a plan you're prepared to put it into action rather than waiting to be rescued. |
| Having the confidence to act is, says Mr Silke, something many survivors have in common. And anything we can do to prepare, will also help boost our confidence. | Having the confidence to act is, says Mr Silke, something many survivors have in common. And anything we can do to prepare, will also help boost our confidence. |
| "We have cases where you have a weaker, slower, less intelligent person survives while right beside them you have a smarter stronger faster person who doesn't. And the difference you find is that the person who survived, their self-confidence was higher." | "We have cases where you have a weaker, slower, less intelligent person survives while right beside them you have a smarter stronger faster person who doesn't. And the difference you find is that the person who survived, their self-confidence was higher." |
| Add your comments on this story, using the form below. | Add your comments on this story, using the form below. |