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| Why the obsession with happy endings? | Why the obsession with happy endings? |
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| Disney is all about happy endings on sad fairytales By Finlo Rohrer BBC News Magazine | Disney is all about happy endings on sad fairytales By Finlo Rohrer BBC News Magazine |
| We're always being warned not to expect happy endings to the ecological, economic and political crises that beset the world, and yet when times are grim, these upbeat conclusions abound in the stories we seek out. | We're always being warned not to expect happy endings to the ecological, economic and political crises that beset the world, and yet when times are grim, these upbeat conclusions abound in the stories we seek out. |
| Two years ago, a group called the Happy Endings Foundation momentarily came to prominence. | Two years ago, a group called the Happy Endings Foundation momentarily came to prominence. |
| They were demanding that authors of children's books come up with happier endings and even suggested that works with less sunny conclusions should be burnt on "bad book bonfires" held around the UK. | They were demanding that authors of children's books come up with happier endings and even suggested that works with less sunny conclusions should be burnt on "bad book bonfires" held around the UK. |
| Soon, however, bloggers had investigated the foundation and revealed it was a marketing hoax - the like of which abound on April Fools Day, although this was in October. But by that time the BBC and several national and local newspapers had carried the story. | Soon, however, bloggers had investigated the foundation and revealed it was a marketing hoax - the like of which abound on April Fools Day, although this was in October. But by that time the BBC and several national and local newspapers had carried the story. |
| The point is that this kind of campaign doesn't seem that ridiculous. In troubled times there are plenty of people who want happy endings - an matter perhaps recognised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, last week, when he cautioned God will not intervene in climate change to supply a happy ending. | The point is that this kind of campaign doesn't seem that ridiculous. In troubled times there are plenty of people who want happy endings - an matter perhaps recognised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, last week, when he cautioned God will not intervene in climate change to supply a happy ending. |
| Boy very much gets girl in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's | Boy very much gets girl in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's |
| Go back to the 1930s, particularly to films of that era, and you see the process of "happyendingification" in full flow during a time of grinding poverty and uncertainty about the future. | |
| What audiences wanted on both sides of the Atlantic was a dose of escapist fun. Or so the financiers of culture thought. | |
| Classic stories ended in a much more heartening fashion when they made it to the silver screen. | Classic stories ended in a much more heartening fashion when they made it to the silver screen. |
| But before you read any further, be warned - it's impossible to discuss this subject frankly without breaking a few metaphorical eggs in the shape of plot spoilers. | But before you read any further, be warned - it's impossible to discuss this subject frankly without breaking a few metaphorical eggs in the shape of plot spoilers. |
| Now, returning to Depression era America. Take 1931's classic Frankenstein. In the book, Frankenstein marries but his wife Elizabeth is killed by the monster. Frankenstein then meets his doom in the Arctic. In the film, however, Dr Frankenstein and his wife live happily ever after. | Now, returning to Depression era America. Take 1931's classic Frankenstein. In the book, Frankenstein marries but his wife Elizabeth is killed by the monster. Frankenstein then meets his doom in the Arctic. In the film, however, Dr Frankenstein and his wife live happily ever after. |
| Or The Hunchback of Notre Dame. In Victor Hugo's novel, the ending sees Esmeralda hanged and Quasimodo choosing to die next to her body. In the 1939 film they both survive. | Or The Hunchback of Notre Dame. In Victor Hugo's novel, the ending sees Esmeralda hanged and Quasimodo choosing to die next to her body. In the 1939 film they both survive. |
| Even John Steinbeck's tale of misery in the dustbowl, The Grapes of Wrath, found itself with a more upbeat conclusion in the film made by John Ford and released in 1940. | Even John Steinbeck's tale of misery in the dustbowl, The Grapes of Wrath, found itself with a more upbeat conclusion in the film made by John Ford and released in 1940. |
| Book: Esmeralda and Quasimodo dead. Film: Esmeralda and Quasimodo fine | Book: Esmeralda and Quasimodo dead. Film: Esmeralda and Quasimodo fine |
| "The death of central characters sent completely the wrong message at a time in American history when they were coming out of a huge depression and looking forward to a better future," says National Media Museum film historian Tony Earnshaw. | "The death of central characters sent completely the wrong message at a time in American history when they were coming out of a huge depression and looking forward to a better future," says National Media Museum film historian Tony Earnshaw. |
| "They want to send people away from a movie experiencing the idea of the hero getting the girl." | "They want to send people away from a movie experiencing the idea of the hero getting the girl." |
| It is perhaps no surprise then that the term "Hollywood happy ending" has entered the cultural lexicon in Britain, and even among some non-anglophones. | It is perhaps no surprise then that the term "Hollywood happy ending" has entered the cultural lexicon in Britain, and even among some non-anglophones. |
| Fast forward to the present day and in our current straitened times and you will again see happy endings. | Fast forward to the present day and in our current straitened times and you will again see happy endings. |
| Slumdog Millionaire swept the Oscars, representing the perfect hard times blend of a grim tale with a euphoric ending. | Slumdog Millionaire swept the Oscars, representing the perfect hard times blend of a grim tale with a euphoric ending. |
| At the same time, a publishing phenomenon of recent years, autobiographies of troubled childhoods - "misery lit" - started to peter out last year. | At the same time, a publishing phenomenon of recent years, autobiographies of troubled childhoods - "misery lit" - started to peter out last year. |
| Ending battles | Ending battles |
| "Misery memoirs aren't doing well," reveals Philip Stone, charts editor of the Bookseller. "That genre might suffer a little bit in these times." | "Misery memoirs aren't doing well," reveals Philip Stone, charts editor of the Bookseller. "That genre might suffer a little bit in these times." |
| Of course, the theory can be undermined by examples of happyendingification from every decade, whether times were grim or not. | Of course, the theory can be undermined by examples of happyendingification from every decade, whether times were grim or not. |
| The film of the Grapes of Wrath ends in a remarkably upbeat way | The film of the Grapes of Wrath ends in a remarkably upbeat way |
| Go back to 1961 and the adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffany's. In Truman Capote's novella, Holly Golightly heads off to Brazil. In the film there's a romantic happy ending where she ends up with Paul. | Go back to 1961 and the adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffany's. In Truman Capote's novella, Holly Golightly heads off to Brazil. In the film there's a romantic happy ending where she ends up with Paul. |
| In 1982's Blade Runner the film ends with the protagonists happily driving through the countryside. Ten years later and Ridley Scott's director's cut deletes the happy ending and concludes the film with the couple leaving the apartment with their future unknown. | In 1982's Blade Runner the film ends with the protagonists happily driving through the countryside. Ten years later and Ridley Scott's director's cut deletes the happy ending and concludes the film with the couple leaving the apartment with their future unknown. |
| From the 1990s, Quentin Tarantino's True Romance script had the central character Clarence shot to death at the end. In the film, he survives and we see him and his wife and child frolicking happily on the beach. | From the 1990s, Quentin Tarantino's True Romance script had the central character Clarence shot to death at the end. In the film, he survives and we see him and his wife and child frolicking happily on the beach. |
| And don't even get people started on Disney's takes on traditional fairy tales. | And don't even get people started on Disney's takes on traditional fairy tales. |
| You can even take it back to classical times. We may think of Greek drama in terms of the unrelenting tragedy of Oedipus Rex or Medea. But even the Greeks expected a happy ending, says Alan Sommerstein, professor of Greek at Nottingham University. | You can even take it back to classical times. We may think of Greek drama in terms of the unrelenting tragedy of Oedipus Rex or Medea. But even the Greeks expected a happy ending, says Alan Sommerstein, professor of Greek at Nottingham University. |
| Romeo and Juliet doesn't make sense with the lovers living happily ever after | Romeo and Juliet doesn't make sense with the lovers living happily ever after |
| "Greek tragic productions came in sets of four - the fourth was always a roaring farce. And not all tragedies had what we might call tragic endings." | "Greek tragic productions came in sets of four - the fourth was always a roaring farce. And not all tragedies had what we might call tragic endings." |
| In Euripides' Iphigenia in Tauris, the central character is thought to have been sacrificed before the Trojan war. In fact she is taken away to the Crimea where she is made a high priestess sacrificing Greek sailors. One day she takes pity on two Greeks and one turns out to be her brother. They make good their escape. | In Euripides' Iphigenia in Tauris, the central character is thought to have been sacrificed before the Trojan war. In fact she is taken away to the Crimea where she is made a high priestess sacrificing Greek sailors. One day she takes pity on two Greeks and one turns out to be her brother. They make good their escape. |
| "In a tragedy you have to have a terrible disaster taking place or narrowly avoided. It doesn't matter which," says Mr Sommerstein. | "In a tragedy you have to have a terrible disaster taking place or narrowly avoided. It doesn't matter which," says Mr Sommerstein. |
| And there was a belief that a tragedy could actually make people happier. | And there was a belief that a tragedy could actually make people happier. |
| "Aristotle argues that tragic drama gives pleasure, arousing the emotions. I would think myself of Shakespeare's time which was pretty grim, with the plague liable to break out." | "Aristotle argues that tragic drama gives pleasure, arousing the emotions. I would think myself of Shakespeare's time which was pretty grim, with the plague liable to break out." |
| Shakespeare had both tragedies and comedies. It's hard to watch the bloodbath ending of Hamlet and find any scrap of comfort. A version where Hamlet and Ophelia made it to the end and lived happily ever after wouldn't quite do, even in Hollywood. | Shakespeare had both tragedies and comedies. It's hard to watch the bloodbath ending of Hamlet and find any scrap of comfort. A version where Hamlet and Ophelia made it to the end and lived happily ever after wouldn't quite do, even in Hollywood. |
| And yet one Shakespeare play about to get the silver screen treatment - the Winter's Tale - is the classic Hollywood happy ending to the nth degree. The play has a deus ex machina, where an ending is imposed from above, that featured so much in Greek drama. And it's still a feature of stories today. | And yet one Shakespeare play about to get the silver screen treatment - the Winter's Tale - is the classic Hollywood happy ending to the nth degree. The play has a deus ex machina, where an ending is imposed from above, that featured so much in Greek drama. And it's still a feature of stories today. |
| The ending of HG Wells' War of the Worlds didn't need to be changed at all for the 2005 Steven Spielberg movie. The world is saved when the invading aliens suddenly die of disease. In a time of obsession with terror and cataclysm it made the perfect happy ending for many. | The ending of HG Wells' War of the Worlds didn't need to be changed at all for the 2005 Steven Spielberg movie. The world is saved when the invading aliens suddenly die of disease. In a time of obsession with terror and cataclysm it made the perfect happy ending for many. |
| But there are always some who regard the process of happyendingification as fundamentally crass, a sign of the excessive commercialisation of the concept of story, of pandering to our weaker side. | But there are always some who regard the process of happyendingification as fundamentally crass, a sign of the excessive commercialisation of the concept of story, of pandering to our weaker side. |
| Aristotle wasn't happy when, a couple of generations after the passing of the classic tragedy playwrights, he sensed that the plays were getting a bit more unthinkingly jolly. | Aristotle wasn't happy when, a couple of generations after the passing of the classic tragedy playwrights, he sensed that the plays were getting a bit more unthinkingly jolly. |
| "He said the audience had gone pretty feeble," says Mr Sommerstein. | "He said the audience had gone pretty feeble," says Mr Sommerstein. |
| Send us your comments using the form below. | Send us your comments using the form below. |
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