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| Water mission ready for lift-off | Water mission ready for lift-off |
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| A European satellite is set to provide major new insights into how water is cycled around the Earth. | A European satellite is set to provide major new insights into how water is cycled around the Earth. |
| The Smos spacecraft will make the first global maps of the amount of moisture held in soils and of the quantity of salts dissolved in the oceans. | The Smos spacecraft will make the first global maps of the amount of moisture held in soils and of the quantity of salts dissolved in the oceans. |
| The data will have wide uses but should improve weather forecasts and warnings of extreme events, such as floods. | The data will have wide uses but should improve weather forecasts and warnings of extreme events, such as floods. |
| Smos is scheduled to lift off from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia at 0450 local time (0150 GMT) on Monday. | Smos is scheduled to lift off from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia at 0450 local time (0150 GMT) on Monday. |
| The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite is part of an armada of European spacecraft being sent into orbit over the next few years to study the planet. | The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite is part of an armada of European spacecraft being sent into orbit over the next few years to study the planet. |
| The mission will run for three years in the first instance | The mission will run for three years in the first instance |
| "Smos is a very challenging mission which has required a completely new type of instrument," said Dr Volker Liebig, the director of Earth observation at the European Space Agency (Esa) | "Smos is a very challenging mission which has required a completely new type of instrument," said Dr Volker Liebig, the director of Earth observation at the European Space Agency (Esa) |
| The instrument is an interferometric radiometer called Miras. Some eight metres across, it has the look of helicopter rotor blades. | The instrument is an interferometric radiometer called Miras. Some eight metres across, it has the look of helicopter rotor blades. |
| Miras will measure changes in the wetness of the land and in the salinity of seawater by observing variations in the natural microwave emission coming up off the surface of the planet. | Miras will measure changes in the wetness of the land and in the salinity of seawater by observing variations in the natural microwave emission coming up off the surface of the planet. |
| It carries 69 antennas positioned on a central structure and along the lengths of its three arms. | It carries 69 antennas positioned on a central structure and along the lengths of its three arms. |
| The whole system is folded for launch to fit inside the rocket, and its correct unfurling on day two of the mission will be a critical procedure. | The whole system is folded for launch to fit inside the rocket, and its correct unfurling on day two of the mission will be a critical procedure. |
| "We do it in two steps," said Francois Bermudo, the Smos project manager with the French space agency (CNES). | "We do it in two steps," said Francois Bermudo, the Smos project manager with the French space agency (CNES). |
| "The arms are attached by 12 nuts, four on each arm. First, the pyrotechnic sequence will cut nine nuts so that each arm is held by one nut. Then we will fire the final nuts to have a synchronous opening of the arms. It will take about three minutes," he told BBC News. | "The arms are attached by 12 nuts, four on each arm. First, the pyrotechnic sequence will cut nine nuts so that each arm is held by one nut. Then we will fire the final nuts to have a synchronous opening of the arms. It will take about three minutes," he told BBC News. |
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| Jonathan Amos takes a look around the Smos satellite | Jonathan Amos takes a look around the Smos satellite |
| Smos data will result in a better understanding of the hydrological cycle - the description of how water is constantly exchanged between the Earth's land and ocean surfaces and the atmosphere. | Smos data will result in a better understanding of the hydrological cycle - the description of how water is constantly exchanged between the Earth's land and ocean surfaces and the atmosphere. |
| Information from Smos is expected to help improve short and medium-term weather forecasts, and also have practical applications in areas such as agriculture and water resource management. | Information from Smos is expected to help improve short and medium-term weather forecasts, and also have practical applications in areas such as agriculture and water resource management. |
| In addition, climate models should benefit from having a more precise picture of the scale and speed of movement of water in the different components of the hydrological cycle. | In addition, climate models should benefit from having a more precise picture of the scale and speed of movement of water in the different components of the hydrological cycle. |
| ESA'S EARTH EXPLORERS Goce is mapping the subtle variations in Earth's gravity fieldSmos will study ocean salinity and soil moistureCryosat-2 (above) is designed to map the Earth's ice coverAeolus will use an innovative laser to measure windsSwarm is a trio of satellites to map the Earth's magnetismEarthcare will examine the formation and effects of cloudsExplorer 7 will emerge from a current selection competitionExplorer 8 is open to ideas from the scientific community Ice mission returns for second go | ESA'S EARTH EXPLORERS Goce is mapping the subtle variations in Earth's gravity fieldSmos will study ocean salinity and soil moistureCryosat-2 (above) is designed to map the Earth's ice coverAeolus will use an innovative laser to measure windsSwarm is a trio of satellites to map the Earth's magnetismEarthcare will examine the formation and effects of cloudsExplorer 7 will emerge from a current selection competitionExplorer 8 is open to ideas from the scientific community Ice mission returns for second go |
| The satellite is part of Esa's Earth Explorer programme - eight spacecraft that will do innovative science in obtaining data on issues of pressing environmental concern. | The satellite is part of Esa's Earth Explorer programme - eight spacecraft that will do innovative science in obtaining data on issues of pressing environmental concern. |
| The first is already in orbit - a mission called Goce, which is mapping variations in the pull of gravity across the Earth's surface. | The first is already in orbit - a mission called Goce, which is mapping variations in the pull of gravity across the Earth's surface. |
| Smos will be the second Explorer to launch; and a third spacecraft, known as Cryosat, is due to go into space in February. Cryosat will assess the state of the world's ice cover. | Smos will be the second Explorer to launch; and a third spacecraft, known as Cryosat, is due to go into space in February. Cryosat will assess the state of the world's ice cover. |
| Although the missions are designed to give Earth scientists remarkable and much-needed datasets, the spacecraft are one-offs. They are not part of a continuous, ongoing Earth observation programme. | Although the missions are designed to give Earth scientists remarkable and much-needed datasets, the spacecraft are one-offs. They are not part of a continuous, ongoing Earth observation programme. |
| Once the satellites fail or their operational funding ends, their information streams will also terminate. | Once the satellites fail or their operational funding ends, their information streams will also terminate. |
| Esa feels some of the Earth Explorer heritage should be maintained through Europe's meteorological satellite service, Eumetsat. The Smos mission and the upcoming Aeolus wind-monitoring spacecraft are considered prime candidates for such promotion. | Esa feels some of the Earth Explorer heritage should be maintained through Europe's meteorological satellite service, Eumetsat. The Smos mission and the upcoming Aeolus wind-monitoring spacecraft are considered prime candidates for such promotion. |
| "I strongly believe that Smos and Aeolus both have the potential to become a Eumetsat mission, maybe as an additional payload on one of the satellites or as a long-standing satellite," explained Dr Liebig. | "I strongly believe that Smos and Aeolus both have the potential to become a Eumetsat mission, maybe as an additional payload on one of the satellites or as a long-standing satellite," explained Dr Liebig. |
| Data covering the entire Earth will be acquired every three days | Data covering the entire Earth will be acquired every three days |
| "When we can finance this together with Eumetsat is another question because we have big ongoing programmes. But first we have to successfully demonstrate them. The user community must also learn the value of the data." | "When we can finance this together with Eumetsat is another question because we have big ongoing programmes. But first we have to successfully demonstrate them. The user community must also learn the value of the data." |
| The Smos programme cost is about 315m euros. It is led by Esa but with significant input from French and Spanish interests. The satellite is expected to operate for at least three years. | The Smos programme cost is about 315m euros. It is led by Esa but with significant input from French and Spanish interests. The satellite is expected to operate for at least three years. |
| "If the instrument is still in good shape and we get the funding from our delegations, we would extend the mission for another two years and then review it again," said Dr Susanne Mecklenburg, the Esa Smos mission manager. | |
| "From experience, Esa missions have lived for a lot longer than they were designed for," she told BBC News. | "From experience, Esa missions have lived for a lot longer than they were designed for," she told BBC News. |
| Smos shares its ride into space with a small Esa demonstration satellite called Proba-2 (PRoject for OnBoard Autonomy). The spacecraft will test hardware and software that might be incorporated into future missions. These include new types of computer, battery, thruster, and solar panel systems. | Smos shares its ride into space with a small Esa demonstration satellite called Proba-2 (PRoject for OnBoard Autonomy). The spacecraft will test hardware and software that might be incorporated into future missions. These include new types of computer, battery, thruster, and solar panel systems. |
| Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk | Jonathan.Amos-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk |