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| The job centre at 100 | The job centre at 100 |
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| One of Winston Churchill's lesser-known achievements is the setting up of labour exchanges, more recently known as job centres, 100 years ago. They are almost unrecognisable from those days, but how do these changes reflect evolving social attitudes? | One of Winston Churchill's lesser-known achievements is the setting up of labour exchanges, more recently known as job centres, 100 years ago. They are almost unrecognisable from those days, but how do these changes reflect evolving social attitudes? |
| Before 1910, the jobless had to hang around the streets to find work, or if they were really desperate, head to the workhouse. | Before 1910, the jobless had to hang around the streets to find work, or if they were really desperate, head to the workhouse. |
| But that all changed when as part of a series of reforms tackling poverty, 62 labour exchanges opened their doors on 1 February of that year. | But that all changed when as part of a series of reforms tackling poverty, 62 labour exchanges opened their doors on 1 February of that year. |
| Unemployment was rising at the beginning of the 20th Century and the ill-fated Boer War had engendered a crisis of confidence in the health of Britain's workforce. | Unemployment was rising at the beginning of the 20th Century and the ill-fated Boer War had engendered a crisis of confidence in the health of Britain's workforce. |
| Dawn of a new era in job seeking - the launch of the Labour Exchange in 1910 | Dawn of a new era in job seeking - the launch of the Labour Exchange in 1910 |
| Winston Churchill, appointed as President of the Board of Trade in 1908 when he was a Liberal MP, was given the task of solving the problem. | Winston Churchill, appointed as President of the Board of Trade in 1908 when he was a Liberal MP, was given the task of solving the problem. |
| He immediately started drafting a new social programme that included Labour Exchanges and unemployment insurance. | He immediately started drafting a new social programme that included Labour Exchanges and unemployment insurance. |
| The groundwork had been done by a young William Beveridge, whose report on deprivation decades later led to the founding of the modern welfare state. | The groundwork had been done by a young William Beveridge, whose report on deprivation decades later led to the founding of the modern welfare state. |
| The exchanges were set up in offices, factories, shops, chapels and other locations, evident from the queues of people, some as young as 11, snaking down the street. | The exchanges were set up in offices, factories, shops, chapels and other locations, evident from the queues of people, some as young as 11, snaking down the street. |
| They were painted green and contained separate rooms for men, women, employers and children. At the Shoreditch office in London, vacancies on the first day included a piano regulator and picture frame gilder. In nearby Camberwell, and in an era when sexual discrimination in the workplace wasn't even a consideration, there was a job for a "girl confectioner's packer". | They were painted green and contained separate rooms for men, women, employers and children. At the Shoreditch office in London, vacancies on the first day included a piano regulator and picture frame gilder. In nearby Camberwell, and in an era when sexual discrimination in the workplace wasn't even a consideration, there was a job for a "girl confectioner's packer". |
| "The initial scheme was part of a particularly radical, free-thinking element of the Liberal Party," says Derek Fraser, author of The Evolution of the British Welfare State. | "The initial scheme was part of a particularly radical, free-thinking element of the Liberal Party," says Derek Fraser, author of The Evolution of the British Welfare State. |
| "Lloyd George and Churchill were rivals for the leadership of the radical wing of the party. This was one plank in a broad social policy trying to deal with the consequences of industrialisation." | "Lloyd George and Churchill were rivals for the leadership of the radical wing of the party. This was one plank in a broad social policy trying to deal with the consequences of industrialisation." |
| Conscription agencies | Conscription agencies |
| They were also trying to outflank the infant Labour Party, and reach out to ordinary working people. | They were also trying to outflank the infant Labour Party, and reach out to ordinary working people. |
| Rebranded in the early 70s and sited, for convenience, on High Streets | Rebranded in the early 70s and sited, for convenience, on High Streets |
| "Beveridge had identified the fluidity of the labour market and the intervals between periods of employment that labour exchanges could help to plug." | "Beveridge had identified the fluidity of the labour market and the intervals between periods of employment that labour exchanges could help to plug." |
| What was important was that they were removed from the workhouses set up under the 19th Century Poor Laws, which were so stigmatised that people only went to them when in extreme distress. | What was important was that they were removed from the workhouses set up under the 19th Century Poor Laws, which were so stigmatised that people only went to them when in extreme distress. |
| "Labour exchanges had a different set of values, that did not describe people as deserving or undeserving - if you paid your national insurance then you got benefits." | "Labour exchanges had a different set of values, that did not describe people as deserving or undeserving - if you paid your national insurance then you got benefits." |
| But the first exchanges had little impact because unemployment was falling in the build-up to war, says social historian Noel Whiteside, and the unions were controlling the skilled jobs. | But the first exchanges had little impact because unemployment was falling in the build-up to war, says social historian Noel Whiteside, and the unions were controlling the skilled jobs. |
| "The exchanges were left with the unskilled end of the labour market. If employers were looking for skilled workers they didn't turn to labour exchanges." | "The exchanges were left with the unskilled end of the labour market. If employers were looking for skilled workers they didn't turn to labour exchanges." |
| But war itself gave them a relevance that had been unanticipated - in both the World Wars I and II the labour exchanges became agencies for military conscription. They registered the men who were heading off to fight, and regulated the women who replaced them | But war itself gave them a relevance that had been unanticipated - in both the World Wars I and II the labour exchanges became agencies for military conscription. They registered the men who were heading off to fight, and regulated the women who replaced them |
| Orange and black | Orange and black |
| And in peace time, post 1918, they took on a deeply unpopular role - testing people for their suitability for work. Labour Exchange staff would even inspect the family home to assess the family income. | And in peace time, post 1918, they took on a deeply unpopular role - testing people for their suitability for work. Labour Exchange staff would even inspect the family home to assess the family income. |
| A Jobcentre 'library' - the idea was to make the centres less intimidating | A Jobcentre 'library' - the idea was to make the centres less intimidating |
| It was the early 70s, when, after years of growing prosperity, Britain's economy began to waver and unemployment started to creep up, that the Labour Exchange became the subjected of a major rebranding exercise. In 1973, they were renamed Jobcentres and began cropping up on High Streets, complete with a highly conspicuous orange and black decor. | It was the early 70s, when, after years of growing prosperity, Britain's economy began to waver and unemployment started to creep up, that the Labour Exchange became the subjected of a major rebranding exercise. In 1973, they were renamed Jobcentres and began cropping up on High Streets, complete with a highly conspicuous orange and black decor. |
| But the more user-friendly appearance couldn't pacify a growing hostility in some quarters towards Jobcentres and the belief they were a sticking plaster on the open wound of growing unemployment. | But the more user-friendly appearance couldn't pacify a growing hostility in some quarters towards Jobcentres and the belief they were a sticking plaster on the open wound of growing unemployment. |
| "The new branding dates from the 1970s but because of high unemployment [in the 1980s] of three million, there was a lot of hostility about welfare dependency and the thought that people could get a job if they picked themselves up. It was still stigmatised. | "The new branding dates from the 1970s but because of high unemployment [in the 1980s] of three million, there was a lot of hostility about welfare dependency and the thought that people could get a job if they picked themselves up. It was still stigmatised. |
| "The design of public buildings can tell you a lot about their function. From the austere, bleak, almost Soviet-style buildings, in some cases complete with fences between officers and clients because of fear of physical assault, people were viewed as morally suspect for claiming benefits." | "The design of public buildings can tell you a lot about their function. From the austere, bleak, almost Soviet-style buildings, in some cases complete with fences between officers and clients because of fear of physical assault, people were viewed as morally suspect for claiming benefits." |
| Alan Bleasdale's TV play The Boys From The Blackstuff, in which protagonist Yosser Hughes immortalised the phrase "Gissa a job", re-enforced this image. But in the past 15 to 20 years, says Mr Fraser, they have become open, modern offices that look more like banks; places with a professional and user-friendly service. The centres have also been combined with benefits offices to create the brand Jobcentre Plus. | Alan Bleasdale's TV play The Boys From The Blackstuff, in which protagonist Yosser Hughes immortalised the phrase "Gissa a job", re-enforced this image. But in the past 15 to 20 years, says Mr Fraser, they have become open, modern offices that look more like banks; places with a professional and user-friendly service. The centres have also been combined with benefits offices to create the brand Jobcentre Plus. |
| Advent of carpets | Advent of carpets |
| When "unemployment benefit" was itself rebranded into the less judgmental JobSeeker's Allowance, the rehabilitation was complete. | When "unemployment benefit" was itself rebranded into the less judgmental JobSeeker's Allowance, the rehabilitation was complete. |
| The glossy, Jobcentre Plus branding familiar today | |
| Barry Burton, 64, followed in his father's footsteps when he began working in the Portsmouth Labour Exchange in 1966. He has witnessed the changing face of job centres first hand. | Barry Burton, 64, followed in his father's footsteps when he began working in the Portsmouth Labour Exchange in 1966. He has witnessed the changing face of job centres first hand. |
| "There were no job adverts, so people had to ask officers if there was a vacancy in their preferred field. If you had an open mind about what you wanted to do you were disadvantaged," recalls Mr Burton. | "There were no job adverts, so people had to ask officers if there was a vacancy in their preferred field. If you had an open mind about what you wanted to do you were disadvantaged," recalls Mr Burton. |
| "It's a nice place to come into now. They used to be very scruffy and didn't think worthy of having a carpet or a lick of paint. They were not for people that anyone worried about. The first time we got carpets on the floor, staff said they would not last, but they did. | "It's a nice place to come into now. They used to be very scruffy and didn't think worthy of having a carpet or a lick of paint. They were not for people that anyone worried about. The first time we got carpets on the floor, staff said they would not last, but they did. |
| "In the 70s, they started to make a real effort in appearances and better clients started to come in. Some were already in work and wanted a new job, so we had late night openings and Saturday mornings. The places looked more appealing to people. The cards came out too, so people could browse for jobs." | "In the 70s, they started to make a real effort in appearances and better clients started to come in. Some were already in work and wanted a new job, so we had late night openings and Saturday mornings. The places looked more appealing to people. The cards came out too, so people could browse for jobs." |
| Mr Burton found his role rewarding, but not without its difficulties. | Mr Burton found his role rewarding, but not without its difficulties. |
| "It's difficult when you really want to help people and you can't always produce the job they want, but it's very satisfying when you do that, and sometimes they come back to say thank you."" | "It's difficult when you really want to help people and you can't always produce the job they want, but it's very satisfying when you do that, and sometimes they come back to say thank you."" |
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