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| Brazil's hydroelectric dam boom is bringing tensions as well as energy | Brazil's hydroelectric dam boom is bringing tensions as well as energy |
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| When it is completed in 2015, the Jirau hydroelectric dam will span 8km across the Madeira river and feature more giant turbines than any other dam in the world. Then there are the power lines, draped along 2,250km of forests and fields to carry electricity to Brazil's urban nerve centre, São Paulo. | When it is completed in 2015, the Jirau hydroelectric dam will span 8km across the Madeira river and feature more giant turbines than any other dam in the world. Then there are the power lines, draped along 2,250km of forests and fields to carry electricity to Brazil's urban nerve centre, São Paulo. |
| Still, it won't be enough. The dam and the Santo Antonio complex that is being built a few kilometres downstream will provide just 5% of what government energy planners say the country will need in the next 10 years. So Brazil is building many more dams, courting controversy by locating the vast majority in the world's largest and most biodiverse forest. | Still, it won't be enough. The dam and the Santo Antonio complex that is being built a few kilometres downstream will provide just 5% of what government energy planners say the country will need in the next 10 years. So Brazil is building many more dams, courting controversy by locating the vast majority in the world's largest and most biodiverse forest. |
| "The investment to build these plants is very high, and they are to be put in a region which is an icon for environmental preservation, the Amazon," said Paulo Domingues, energy planning director for the ministry of mines and energy. "So that has worldwide repercussions." | "The investment to build these plants is very high, and they are to be put in a region which is an icon for environmental preservation, the Amazon," said Paulo Domingues, energy planning director for the ministry of mines and energy. "So that has worldwide repercussions." |
| Between now and 2021, the energy ministry's building schedule will be feverish: Brazilian companies and foreign conglomerates will put up 34 sizeable dams in an effort to increase the country's capacity to produce energy by more than 50%.The Brazil projects have received less attention than China's dam-building spree, which has plugged up canyons and bankrolled hydroelectric projects far from Asia. | Between now and 2021, the energy ministry's building schedule will be feverish: Brazilian companies and foreign conglomerates will put up 34 sizeable dams in an effort to increase the country's capacity to produce energy by more than 50%.The Brazil projects have received less attention than China's dam-building spree, which has plugged up canyons and bankrolled hydroelectric projects far from Asia. |
| But Brazil is undertaking one of the world's largest public works projects, one that will cost more than $150bn, and harness the force of this continent's great rivers. The objective is to help the country of 199 million achieve what Brazilian leaders call its destiny: becoming a modern, efficient world-class economy with an ample supply of energy for office towers, assembly lines, refineries and iron works. "Brazil is a country that's growing, developing, and it needs energy," said Eduardo de Melo Pinto, president of Santo Antonio Energia. "And the potential in energy production in Brazil is located, for the most part, in Amazonia. And that's why this is important for this project to be developed." | But Brazil is undertaking one of the world's largest public works projects, one that will cost more than $150bn, and harness the force of this continent's great rivers. The objective is to help the country of 199 million achieve what Brazilian leaders call its destiny: becoming a modern, efficient world-class economy with an ample supply of energy for office towers, assembly lines, refineries and iron works. "Brazil is a country that's growing, developing, and it needs energy," said Eduardo de Melo Pinto, president of Santo Antonio Energia. "And the potential in energy production in Brazil is located, for the most part, in Amazonia. And that's why this is important for this project to be developed." |
| Jirau, Santo Antonio and other projects, however, have generated more tension than electricity, raising questions that range from their environmental impact to whether future generations will be saddled with gigantic debt. | Jirau, Santo Antonio and other projects, however, have generated more tension than electricity, raising questions that range from their environmental impact to whether future generations will be saddled with gigantic debt. |
| International Rivers, a US-based environmental group that has tracked government agencies involved in the dam building, says plans call for 168 dams to be completed by 2021. Most are small dams that will be used to regulate water or to power silos, mineral extraction facilities or industrial complexes. But whether the dams are large or small, homesteaders and Indian leaders say they will cause irreversible changes in a forest that plays a vital role in absorbing the world's carbon emissions. | International Rivers, a US-based environmental group that has tracked government agencies involved in the dam building, says plans call for 168 dams to be completed by 2021. Most are small dams that will be used to regulate water or to power silos, mineral extraction facilities or industrial complexes. But whether the dams are large or small, homesteaders and Indian leaders say they will cause irreversible changes in a forest that plays a vital role in absorbing the world's carbon emissions. |
| Across Brazil, rivers are being diverted. Canals and dykes are being built. Roads are being paved, and blocks of concrete are being laid across a network of waterways that provides a fifth of the world's fresh water. And the big dams will inundate at least 6,470 sq km of forests and fields. | Across Brazil, rivers are being diverted. Canals and dykes are being built. Roads are being paved, and blocks of concrete are being laid across a network of waterways that provides a fifth of the world's fresh water. And the big dams will inundate at least 6,470 sq km of forests and fields. |
| Environmentalists say the dams are a throwback, not the kind of projects a modern, democratic country should be aggressively pursuing. They say Brazil should focus instead on developing wind and solar energy while overhauling existing plants and instituting other reforms to reduce electrical demand. | Environmentalists say the dams are a throwback, not the kind of projects a modern, democratic country should be aggressively pursuing. They say Brazil should focus instead on developing wind and solar energy while overhauling existing plants and instituting other reforms to reduce electrical demand. |
| "This is a sort of 1950s development mentality that often proceeds in a very authoritarian way, in terms of not respecting human rights, not respecting environmental law, not really looking at the alternatives," said Brent Millikan, the Amazon programme director in Brazil for International Rivers. | "This is a sort of 1950s development mentality that often proceeds in a very authoritarian way, in terms of not respecting human rights, not respecting environmental law, not really looking at the alternatives," said Brent Millikan, the Amazon programme director in Brazil for International Rivers. |
| In a swath of Rondonia state, along the BR-364 highway, several residents said the dams had uprooted communities of subsistence farmers and fishermen, unalterably changing their way of life for the worse. | In a swath of Rondonia state, along the BR-364 highway, several residents said the dams had uprooted communities of subsistence farmers and fishermen, unalterably changing their way of life for the worse. |
| Telma Santos Pinto, 53, said she had to leave her home of 36 years, receiving $18,000 as compensation from the companies building Jirau. "The compensation was very, very low," she said. "And we were obliged to accept that." Her town, Mutum Paraná, was left under water. Most of her neighbours moved into Nova Mutum – or New Mutum – a town of 1,600 homes, schools, churches and stores put up by the builders of Jirau. "We were a community, all of us united," she said. "All of us helped each other." | Telma Santos Pinto, 53, said she had to leave her home of 36 years, receiving $18,000 as compensation from the companies building Jirau. "The compensation was very, very low," she said. "And we were obliged to accept that." Her town, Mutum Paraná, was left under water. Most of her neighbours moved into Nova Mutum – or New Mutum – a town of 1,600 homes, schools, churches and stores put up by the builders of Jirau. "We were a community, all of us united," she said. "All of us helped each other." |
| Such laments come up against the hard economic realities Brazil faces. By 2021 the economy is projected to expand by 63%, the energy ministry says. Hundreds of thousands of people are receiving electricity for the first time each year, and a ballooning middle class is consuming more. Economic planners also predict that Brazil could become the world's fifth-largest economy in a few years. | Such laments come up against the hard economic realities Brazil faces. By 2021 the economy is projected to expand by 63%, the energy ministry says. Hundreds of thousands of people are receiving electricity for the first time each year, and a ballooning middle class is consuming more. Economic planners also predict that Brazil could become the world's fifth-largest economy in a few years. |
| No Brazilian leader is more focused on that objective than President Dilma Rousseff, a former 1970s-era guerrilla who was energy minister in her predecessor's government. She says that Brazil is "privileged" to have so much water and that it is logical for the country to rely heavily on hydropower. She counters environmentalists by arguing that Brazil's energy mix – it also relies on solar, wind and biomass, all renewable energy sources – is among the world's cleanest. | No Brazilian leader is more focused on that objective than President Dilma Rousseff, a former 1970s-era guerrilla who was energy minister in her predecessor's government. She says that Brazil is "privileged" to have so much water and that it is logical for the country to rely heavily on hydropower. She counters environmentalists by arguing that Brazil's energy mix – it also relies on solar, wind and biomass, all renewable energy sources – is among the world's cleanest. |
| "Economic growth is not contrary to the best environmental practices," Rousseff said at the inauguration of one huge dam in October. "We are proving that it's possible to increase electrical generation and at the same time respect the environment." | "Economic growth is not contrary to the best environmental practices," Rousseff said at the inauguration of one huge dam in October. "We are proving that it's possible to increase electrical generation and at the same time respect the environment." |
| To be sure, the footprints of the new dams will be smaller than those of the past. The proposed Belo Monte project on the Xingu, a huge dam that has galvanised environmentalists and Hollywood luminaries, will flood five times less land than the 29-year-old Tucurui dam, Brazil's second biggest, said Domingues, the energy ministry planner. | To be sure, the footprints of the new dams will be smaller than those of the past. The proposed Belo Monte project on the Xingu, a huge dam that has galvanised environmentalists and Hollywood luminaries, will flood five times less land than the 29-year-old Tucurui dam, Brazil's second biggest, said Domingues, the energy ministry planner. |
| The Jirau dam includes ladders to help migrating fish make it upstream and conservation programmes for animal and bird life. Gil Maranhão, the Jirau dam's communications and business development director, said "the real deforestation is maybe zero" because the flooding has taken out cattle ranches and small subsistence farms rather than large swaths of forest. | The Jirau dam includes ladders to help migrating fish make it upstream and conservation programmes for animal and bird life. Gil Maranhão, the Jirau dam's communications and business development director, said "the real deforestation is maybe zero" because the flooding has taken out cattle ranches and small subsistence farms rather than large swaths of forest. |
| He said the $7.7bn project has created jobs and prompted the consortium building the dam to spend $600m. | He said the $7.7bn project has created jobs and prompted the consortium building the dam to spend $600m. |
| • This article appeared in the Guardian Weekly, which incorporates material from the Washington Post | • This article appeared in the Guardian Weekly, which incorporates material from the Washington Post |
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