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| Summer-born pupils 'should have exam scores boosted' | Summer-born pupils 'should have exam scores boosted' |
| (about 7 hours later) | |
| Summer-born children should have their exam marks boosted to compensate for being almost a year younger when they sit tests, a report argues. | Summer-born children should have their exam marks boosted to compensate for being almost a year younger when they sit tests, a report argues. |
| In England, pupils born in August are less likely to get good GCSEs or go to university than those born in September, the Institute for Fiscal Studies says. | In England, pupils born in August are less likely to get good GCSEs or go to university than those born in September, the Institute for Fiscal Studies says. |
| Some may even drop out of school. | Some may even drop out of school. |
| The age-adjusted scores should be used to calculate school league table positions, the authors argue. | The age-adjusted scores should be used to calculate school league table positions, the authors argue. |
| The report draws on an array of official data, including the National Pupil Database, which contains details of every pupil in England. | The report draws on an array of official data, including the National Pupil Database, which contains details of every pupil in England. |
| Pupils born in August are 6.4 percentage points less likely than September-born pupils to achieve five GCSEs at grades A* to C, the study finds. | Pupils born in August are 6.4 percentage points less likely than September-born pupils to achieve five GCSEs at grades A* to C, the study finds. |
| Mild special needs | Mild special needs |
| They are also around two percentage points less likely to go to university when they leave school, one percentage point less likely to attend a leading university and one percentage point less likely to complete a degree. | They are also around two percentage points less likely to go to university when they leave school, one percentage point less likely to attend a leading university and one percentage point less likely to complete a degree. |
| The study also says that summer-born pupils are 5.4 percentage points more likely to be assessed as having mild special educational needs by age 11 and finds that the differences go further than educational attainment alone. | The study also says that summer-born pupils are 5.4 percentage points more likely to be assessed as having mild special educational needs by age 11 and finds that the differences go further than educational attainment alone. |
| "Our research shows that children who are relatively young in their year have lower self-confidence, lower belief in their academic ability, and are more likely to start smoking younger than their relatively older peers," said co-author Claire Crawford. | "Our research shows that children who are relatively young in their year have lower self-confidence, lower belief in their academic ability, and are more likely to start smoking younger than their relatively older peers," said co-author Claire Crawford. |
| The authors argue that being 11 months younger than the oldest pupils in the year when they sit tests is the main driver of the differences in test scores. | The authors argue that being 11 months younger than the oldest pupils in the year when they sit tests is the main driver of the differences in test scores. |
| It outweighs the effect of having had less time at school in areas where summer-born children start education later in the year. | It outweighs the effect of having had less time at school in areas where summer-born children start education later in the year. |
| The report says the solution is to "age-adjust" national achievement test scores, arguing that this "is a simple and straightforward way of ensuring that those born towards the end of the academic year are not disadvantaged by taking the tests younger". | The report says the solution is to "age-adjust" national achievement test scores, arguing that this "is a simple and straightforward way of ensuring that those born towards the end of the academic year are not disadvantaged by taking the tests younger". |
| The team analysed scores from the Key Stage 2 tests, which are taken by all pupils in their final year of primary school in England. Primary school league table positions depend on pupils achieving an expected standard. | The team analysed scores from the Key Stage 2 tests, which are taken by all pupils in their final year of primary school in England. Primary school league table positions depend on pupils achieving an expected standard. |
| Sliding scale | Sliding scale |
| They found that August-born pupils scored on average seven points less than classmates born in September. | They found that August-born pupils scored on average seven points less than classmates born in September. |
| They conclude that pass marks should rise for September-born children by three points: "So the oldest children would have to perform slightly better than they do at the moment in order to reach the expected level, which would now be an expected level for a given age rather than at a particular point in time." | They conclude that pass marks should rise for September-born children by three points: "So the oldest children would have to perform slightly better than they do at the moment in order to reach the expected level, which would now be an expected level for a given age rather than at a particular point in time." |
| The marks would change on a sliding scale, with the pass mark for children born in October and November rising by two points; for January and December-born children by one mark; staying the same for February and March children; and reducing by one point for those with April or May birthdays, by two points for those born in June or July, and by three points for those born in August. | The marks would change on a sliding scale, with the pass mark for children born in October and November rising by two points; for January and December-born children by one mark; staying the same for February and March children; and reducing by one point for those with April or May birthdays, by two points for those born in June or July, and by three points for those born in August. |
| The authors recommend that similar age-adjusted scores be extended to other school tests, from assessments of six-year-olds' reading skills to the crucial exams taken by 16-year-olds. | The authors recommend that similar age-adjusted scores be extended to other school tests, from assessments of six-year-olds' reading skills to the crucial exams taken by 16-year-olds. |
| However, the authors acknowledge that the differences are most dramatic when children are first at school, and lessen as they grow older and the relative age gap reduces. There is no evidence that they persist into adulthood. So the exam results given to prospective employers should be absolute scores rather than age-adjusted, they concede. | However, the authors acknowledge that the differences are most dramatic when children are first at school, and lessen as they grow older and the relative age gap reduces. There is no evidence that they persist into adulthood. So the exam results given to prospective employers should be absolute scores rather than age-adjusted, they concede. |
| A Department for Education spokeswoman said: "We trust teachers to put their pupils' results into context when discussing them with parents, particularly for young children where age can have a strong influence on the scores. | |
| "In addition we have changed the Schools Admissions Code to make it easier for parents to defer their child's entry until they reach their fifth birthday." |