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China Prepares to Launch Moon Rover Mission China Launches Moon Rover Mission
(about 4 hours later)
HONG KONG — Preparations to launch China’s first robotic expedition to the moon’s surface entered their final hours on Sunday as engineers filled fuel tanks of a rocket that will carry the Chang’e 3 spacecraft and “Jade Rabbit” rover. HONG KONG — China’s latest display of ambition in space involves sending a Jade Rabbit roaming across the Bay of Rainbows.
The rocket to take the Chang’e 3 craft into space was scheduled to lift off on Monday at 1:30 a.m. local time from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China. Jiang Jie, an engineer on China’s lunar program, told state news media that if any problems foiled that schedule, mission controllers aimed to launch later on Monday or over the following two days. A rocket blasted off from southwest China early Monday, carrying the country’s first robotic lunar rover, the Jade Rabbit, which will explore a plain on the moon that, despite its colorful name, is a dark expanse of hardened lava.
If the mission succeeds, China will be the third country, after the United States and Soviet Union, to achieve a “soft” landing on the moon, one that allows a craft to operate after descending. “Hard” crash landings are easier, and China crashed a craft into the moon in 2009. The last soft landing on the moon by any country was by the Soviet Union in 1976. If successful, the Chang’e-3 mission will be China’s first “soft landing” on the moon — which allows a craft to operate after descending — and the first such landing by any country since 1976, when the Soviet Union sent a probe. The last American expedition on the moon’s surface was a manned visit in 1972. Chinese state-run television broadcast footage of the rocket’s untroubled launch and ascent into space, where the Chang’e-3 craft set off toward the moon.
“We’ve made every preparation possible,” Chen Hongmin, an engineer at the mission control center in Beijing, told the China News Service, a state-run news agency. For China’s Communist Party under President Xi Jinping, such feats embody his rallying cry of a “Chinese dream” of patriotic unity under one-party rule, supported by technological advances and rising international stature.
Especially since China first sent an astronaut into orbit above the Earth, in 2003, space feats have featured in the Communist Party’s efforts to promote itself as a vehicle of patriotic technological accomplishments. Preparations for the latest launch have been accompanied by similar propaganda from state-run television and newspapers. Two earlier Chang’e probes, in 2007 and 2010, orbited the moon to take pictures. “If it’s all successful, it will certainly indicate that they have really come up the learning curve in terms of technology,” said Joan Johnson-Freese, a professor of national security affairs at the United States Naval War College on Rhode Island who researches China’s space activities. Professor Johnson-Freese emphasized that she was giving her own views.
If the Chang’e 3 mission follows the plan, a craft carrying the six-wheeled rover called Jade Rabbit, or Yutu in Mandarin Chinese, will take about five days to get near the moon and enter orbit, and the landing craft carrying the rover will descend to the surface on Dec. 14, according to the European Space Agency, which is helping the mission. The rover, which received its name after an online vote, will spend three months exploring the moon, sending images and data back to Chinese scientists. “China’s getting a lot of prestige, which turns into geostrategic influence, from the fact that they are the third country to have manned spaceflight capabilities, that they are going to the moon,” she said.
A later Chang’e mission in several years is intended to bring back rocks and other samples from the moon. The Chinese government has also said it is studying whether to send an astronaut to the moon, but no official plans have been announced. Chinese state-run news media have responded to the launch from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center with an outpouring of jubilation. That is likely to reach a crescendo in about two weeks, when the landing vehicle is scheduled to descend on the moon and release the Jade Rabbit, or Yutu, robotic rover to start sending back data and pictures from Sinus Iridum, or the Bay of Rainbows, a basaltic plain formed from lava that filled a crater.
Chang’e is the name of a Chinese goddess of the moon in an ancient myth. But as well as patriotic pride, China’s space activities are generating skills to enhance the country’s science, satellites and military, experts said. China’s advances in space include five manned flights, which are intended to pave the way for a space station. The country is also developing an array of new satellites, including the BeiDou navigation system that will have a chain of 35 satellites. Many of the advances used for better rockets and space guidance can be applied in missiles.
“Simple prestige is certainly a key driver in a lot of China’s space programs, in particular the manned space program,” said Mark Stokes, the executive director of the Project 2049 Institute, a research organization in Washington focused on security issues in Asia. “It’s also a way to mobilize resources and to concentrate resources in a way that could result in certain types of spinoff technologies.”
Above all, China has been learning how to orchestrate complicated engineering tasks and to surmount the poor bureaucratic coordination that has often frustrated such efforts, said Dean Cheng, a senior research fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington who has studied China’s space programs.
“We in the U.S, in the West, tend to focus on the widget aspect of China’s space progress,” Mr. Cheng said. “But I would say that what we sometimes miss is how important these organizational changes are. All the Chinese space efforts are efforts at improving their systems engineering.”
China’s space bureaucracy reports to the military, and that has caused wariness among Western governments. Suspicions have been magnified by allegations that China has stolen information for its space and missile programs. Congress passed a law in 2011 that bans the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from developing bilateral contacts with China, although multilateral contacts are not proscribed.
But China’s program has reached a point where deeper cooperation with the United States or Russia would make little difference, said Gregory Kulacki, China Project Manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists. He nonetheless supports closer contacts to foster cooperation and reduce mistrust. “They don’t really need to rely on any outside sources to continue to make the progress that they’re making,” Mr. Kulacki said.
China established a foothold in space in 1970, when a small, primitive satellite beamed back an ode to Mao Zedong, “The East is Red.” From the 1980s, the Communist Party leadership began to develop bigger plans, and in 2003 China sent its first astronaut into space. China has since carried out four more manned missions.
The Chang’e lunar exploration program, named after a moon goddess, began in 2007 with a craft that orbited the moon, and the Cheng’e-2 mission launched in 2010 sent back more detailed images of the moon, including of the area where Chang’e-3 will land. (The Chang’e-1 craft hurtled into the moon in a controlled, hard landing in 2009.)
For the Chang’e-3 mission, the rover — a solar-powered, six-wheeled vehicle similar to ones the United States has sent to Mars — will spend three months exploring, using radar to collect data on rocks up to 328 feet below the surface, Ouyang Ziyuan, a senior consultant to the mission, told China’s state-run Xinhua news agency. A future mission that could take place in several years would be intended to bring back rocks and other samples from the moon.