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| Special report: An immigration crisis on Britain’s doorstep in Calais | Special report: An immigration crisis on Britain’s doorstep in Calais |
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| For eight weeks, Yemane Gebrenegus travelled across desert and sea to escape a rapacious dictatorship. Drowning in debt, he survived the Mediterranean in a sinking boat and slowly begged and borrowed his way to Calais. It was here, within sight of his dream of England, that his 22-year-old heart gave out. | For eight weeks, Yemane Gebrenegus travelled across desert and sea to escape a rapacious dictatorship. Drowning in debt, he survived the Mediterranean in a sinking boat and slowly begged and borrowed his way to Calais. It was here, within sight of his dream of England, that his 22-year-old heart gave out. |
| hile attempting in December to once more try his luck and sneak into a lorry bound for Britain, he collapsed in cardiac arrest. The friends who were with him said he was dead before he hit the ground outside France’s busiest ferry port. Back home in a village near the Eritrean capital of Asmara, his elderly mother received two pieces of news – that her only child was no more and that if she wanted the dignity of burying his remains, it would cost €4,000 (£3,300) to repatriate his body. | |
| The undertaker’s fee to receive her son’s corpse in a zinc coffin was just $500 less than the $6,000 Yemane’s extended family had paid to people smugglers to send him to a new life in London. | |
| Every day, his cousins already in England had called him to ask for news. Instead, for another eight weeks, he remained in a French morgue while charities and Eritrean ex-pats raised the funds to finally send a mother back her son last week. | Every day, his cousins already in England had called him to ask for news. Instead, for another eight weeks, he remained in a French morgue while charities and Eritrean ex-pats raised the funds to finally send a mother back her son last week. |
| Standing next to his sodden tent, Samuer Futsum, 26, remembered his best friend. “Yemane had a problem with his heart. He went to the hospital and the doctors said he must not sleep outside. But where else could he go? We are not people who can walk into a hotel. He slept in the tent and got more ill. | Standing next to his sodden tent, Samuer Futsum, 26, remembered his best friend. “Yemane had a problem with his heart. He went to the hospital and the doctors said he must not sleep outside. But where else could he go? We are not people who can walk into a hotel. He slept in the tent and got more ill. |
| “On the day he died, we were talking in the street and he fell down. He was dead like that. He wanted what the rest of us do. To study, to work, to have a life. But here in Calais, there is no life. I spoke to his mother, I told her. She cried.” | “On the day he died, we were talking in the street and he fell down. He was dead like that. He wanted what the rest of us do. To study, to work, to have a life. But here in Calais, there is no life. I spoke to his mother, I told her. She cried.” |
| Stories of death are not difficult to find among the 500 to 600 migrants gathered in Calais in the state of limbo that has gripped this port for more than a decade. The tides of war, persecution and economic desperation each year deposit thousands on the English Channel’s edge to play a game of cat and mouse with a confection of rigid border controls, putrid living conditions and random arrests. | Stories of death are not difficult to find among the 500 to 600 migrants gathered in Calais in the state of limbo that has gripped this port for more than a decade. The tides of war, persecution and economic desperation each year deposit thousands on the English Channel’s edge to play a game of cat and mouse with a confection of rigid border controls, putrid living conditions and random arrests. |
| Where once there were Iraqis and Congolese fleeing terror and upheaval, there are now Syrians and Egyptians. But as ever, the asylum seekers of Calais are at the very bottom of the UK’s immigration ladder. As Abdullah, a 36-year-old Afghan entering his seventh month of waiting, put it: “England is the house. We are not even in the toilet. We are in the sewer outside.” | Where once there were Iraqis and Congolese fleeing terror and upheaval, there are now Syrians and Egyptians. But as ever, the asylum seekers of Calais are at the very bottom of the UK’s immigration ladder. As Abdullah, a 36-year-old Afghan entering his seventh month of waiting, put it: “England is the house. We are not even in the toilet. We are in the sewer outside.” |
| But 12 years after the French authorities closed the former Channel Tunnel warehouse at Sangatte which became a Red Cross camp for UK-bound migrants, the plight of the “sans papiers” or “no documents” is again making its way up the political agenda. | But 12 years after the French authorities closed the former Channel Tunnel warehouse at Sangatte which became a Red Cross camp for UK-bound migrants, the plight of the “sans papiers” or “no documents” is again making its way up the political agenda. |
| Camp residents cook and share food at their site just outside Calais (Justin Sutcliffe) The French government has asked Britain to consider a renegotiation of the agreement that led to the closure of Sangatte and share more of the financial and policing “burden” caused by the migrants. The French interior minister, Manuel Valls, said last month that the situation in Calais had reached an “impasse”. The response from his British opposite, Theresa May, has been a polite restatement of the status quo. | Camp residents cook and share food at their site just outside Calais (Justin Sutcliffe) The French government has asked Britain to consider a renegotiation of the agreement that led to the closure of Sangatte and share more of the financial and policing “burden” caused by the migrants. The French interior minister, Manuel Valls, said last month that the situation in Calais had reached an “impasse”. The response from his British opposite, Theresa May, has been a polite restatement of the status quo. |
| A Home Office spokeswoman said tonight: “The conditions of any camps in France and the policing of them is the responsibility of the French authorities. If individuals have a genuine need of protection they should claim asylum in the first safe country they reach.” | A Home Office spokeswoman said tonight: “The conditions of any camps in France and the policing of them is the responsibility of the French authorities. If individuals have a genuine need of protection they should claim asylum in the first safe country they reach.” |
| The real passion and anger is among those with the least power and the most to lose. For two consecutive weeks, the streets of Calais have been the scene of demonstrations by angry migrants waving placards proclaiming “Freedom to move”, “Liberté” and “No border, no nation – stop deportation”. | The real passion and anger is among those with the least power and the most to lose. For two consecutive weeks, the streets of Calais have been the scene of demonstrations by angry migrants waving placards proclaiming “Freedom to move”, “Liberté” and “No border, no nation – stop deportation”. |
| The list of grievances of the marchers – Afghans, Kurds, Sudanese, Eritreans, Egyptians, Syrians – is long and multifarious, from an unrealistic demand for Britain to open its border to a plea for the “basic dignity” afforded by washing facilities. | The list of grievances of the marchers – Afghans, Kurds, Sudanese, Eritreans, Egyptians, Syrians – is long and multifarious, from an unrealistic demand for Britain to open its border to a plea for the “basic dignity” afforded by washing facilities. |
| Most of the temporary residents in this camp are from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria or the Kurdish administered regions. (Justin Sutcliffe) Here, within sight of the Dover-bound ferries , life is precarious. In the past 10 days alone, two of their number have died, horribly. | Most of the temporary residents in this camp are from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria or the Kurdish administered regions. (Justin Sutcliffe) Here, within sight of the Dover-bound ferries , life is precarious. In the past 10 days alone, two of their number have died, horribly. |
| One, an Iranian in his 30s, was murdered by a bullet to the throat in one of Calais’s lorry parks. French police, who initially arrested the friend of the man who reported the killing, are treating it as a dispute between the mafia of fixers who charge €1,000 for a “guaranteed” passage to Britain which all too often turns out to be nothing of the sort. | One, an Iranian in his 30s, was murdered by a bullet to the throat in one of Calais’s lorry parks. French police, who initially arrested the friend of the man who reported the killing, are treating it as a dispute between the mafia of fixers who charge €1,000 for a “guaranteed” passage to Britain which all too often turns out to be nothing of the sort. |
| The second was a 17-year-old boy who, along with two others, had climbed into a lorry and jumped clear after they were discovered by the driver. The teenager landed in the path of an oncoming lorry, which struck him. The lorry did not stop. These latest casualties join a list of 21 other reported deaths of migrants in Calais in the past four years, including Yemane and another Eritrean, Robiel Habtom, who drowned off Calais dock in October. | The second was a 17-year-old boy who, along with two others, had climbed into a lorry and jumped clear after they were discovered by the driver. The teenager landed in the path of an oncoming lorry, which struck him. The lorry did not stop. These latest casualties join a list of 21 other reported deaths of migrants in Calais in the past four years, including Yemane and another Eritrean, Robiel Habtom, who drowned off Calais dock in October. |
| In recent months, the muncipal authorities in Calais – led by town’s centre-right Mayor, Natacha Bouchart – have ordered the eviction of migrants from squats in time for winter. | In recent months, the muncipal authorities in Calais – led by town’s centre-right Mayor, Natacha Bouchart – have ordered the eviction of migrants from squats in time for winter. |
| The result is a mushrooming of new tented citadels, reinforced against the elements by plastic sheets, tarpaulins, wooden pallets and railway line ballast, across Calais that would not look out of place in refugee camps from Syria to Chad. | The result is a mushrooming of new tented citadels, reinforced against the elements by plastic sheets, tarpaulins, wooden pallets and railway line ballast, across Calais that would not look out of place in refugee camps from Syria to Chad. |
| Most of the temporary residents in this camp are from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria or the Kurdish administered regions. (Justin Sutcliffe) Beyond the tide mark of detritus that marks the camp’s border, three portable toilets offer the only hygiene facilities for about 200 men. The stench of human waste hangs in the air, masked only by the acrid smoke produced by the clothes of departed migrants, which are burnt for warmth. | Most of the temporary residents in this camp are from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria or the Kurdish administered regions. (Justin Sutcliffe) Beyond the tide mark of detritus that marks the camp’s border, three portable toilets offer the only hygiene facilities for about 200 men. The stench of human waste hangs in the air, masked only by the acrid smoke produced by the clothes of departed migrants, which are burnt for warmth. |
| Add to this what the migrants insist are daily document checks by police, and the resulting climate is both wretched and fearful. Few sans papiers want to apply for asylum in France, pointing out that it bars them from doing so in Britain and those who have all too often living back in the camps anyway. | Add to this what the migrants insist are daily document checks by police, and the resulting climate is both wretched and fearful. Few sans papiers want to apply for asylum in France, pointing out that it bars them from doing so in Britain and those who have all too often living back in the camps anyway. |
| Attaullah Areen, a 19-year-old Afghan from near Kabul, said: “Who would want to live like this? We are treated little better than dogs. The police come at 6am or 10pm. We all know to stay inside the tents. They say, ‘come out, we have tea, coffee’. But we know the moment you put your head outside, they will pull you out and send you back to Italy. Every day, four or five go back there. They are rough.” | Attaullah Areen, a 19-year-old Afghan from near Kabul, said: “Who would want to live like this? We are treated little better than dogs. The police come at 6am or 10pm. We all know to stay inside the tents. They say, ‘come out, we have tea, coffee’. But we know the moment you put your head outside, they will pull you out and send you back to Italy. Every day, four or five go back there. They are rough.” |
| The French authorities strongly deny any use of excess force. Campaigners on both sides of the Channel say the time has come for both Paris and London to intervene to unravel the immigration knot of Calais and eradicate the squalor to which migrants are consigned. | The French authorities strongly deny any use of excess force. Campaigners on both sides of the Channel say the time has come for both Paris and London to intervene to unravel the immigration knot of Calais and eradicate the squalor to which migrants are consigned. |
| Ben Bano, of the Kent-based refugee group Seeking Sanctuary, said: “It has long been in the interests of the British and French governments for nothing much to happen in Calais. The only losers are the asylum seekers and their families. It is really time for both sides to ensure there are some basic and decent living conditions. For too long they have allowed ‘basic’ to mean ‘squalid’.” | Ben Bano, of the Kent-based refugee group Seeking Sanctuary, said: “It has long been in the interests of the British and French governments for nothing much to happen in Calais. The only losers are the asylum seekers and their families. It is really time for both sides to ensure there are some basic and decent living conditions. For too long they have allowed ‘basic’ to mean ‘squalid’.” |
| Rubbish strewn on the ground near one of the campsites (Justin Sutcliffe) And yet, amid this twilight existence of lorry jumping and endless waiting for a ticket to a questionable British El Dorado, there is a grim determination and strange optimism. | Rubbish strewn on the ground near one of the campsites (Justin Sutcliffe) And yet, amid this twilight existence of lorry jumping and endless waiting for a ticket to a questionable British El Dorado, there is a grim determination and strange optimism. |
| The experiences of Yemane and others are no deterrent –not one of the men, teenagers and handful of women seen by The Independent had any doubt that eventually they would reach Britain. | The experiences of Yemane and others are no deterrent –not one of the men, teenagers and handful of women seen by The Independent had any doubt that eventually they would reach Britain. |
| Among them was Hosam Latif, a 29-year-old Syrian business student from Aleppo. Opening his mobile phone, he showed me pictures he had taken of decapitated corpses, broken bodies and pulverised homes in his hometown. | Among them was Hosam Latif, a 29-year-old Syrian business student from Aleppo. Opening his mobile phone, he showed me pictures he had taken of decapitated corpses, broken bodies and pulverised homes in his hometown. |
| “I am one of the lucky ones,” he said. “I am here. Not there. Look at what it’s like. I have to succeed, I have to study for this to make any sense. Most people here have seen death to get here. I ask only for the chance to make a contribution.” | “I am one of the lucky ones,” he said. “I am here. Not there. Look at what it’s like. I have to succeed, I have to study for this to make any sense. Most people here have seen death to get here. I ask only for the chance to make a contribution.” |
| Charlie Elphicke, the Conservative MP for Dover, said the enforcement of EU regulations concerning asylum seeking around Calais remained a matter for the French authorities. But he said there was a case for stronger action against people smugglers who profit massively from the trade bringing people to the port. | Charlie Elphicke, the Conservative MP for Dover, said the enforcement of EU regulations concerning asylum seeking around Calais remained a matter for the French authorities. But he said there was a case for stronger action against people smugglers who profit massively from the trade bringing people to the port. |
| He said: "I don't think the people of Dover or Kent would welcome a new Sangatte. The real issue here is the people traffickers, not just in Europe but beyond, who profit by selling a false dream of a new life in Europe. They are the real villains and their needs to be wider international co-operation to break these gangs." | He said: "I don't think the people of Dover or Kent would welcome a new Sangatte. The real issue here is the people traffickers, not just in Europe but beyond, who profit by selling a false dream of a new life in Europe. They are the real villains and their needs to be wider international co-operation to break these gangs." |