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| U.S. and Europe Step Up Sanctions on Russian Officials | U.S. and Europe Step Up Sanctions on Russian Officials |
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| WASHINGTON — The United States, working in coordination with Europe, imposed a new round of sanctions on 11 prominent Russian and Ukrainian political figures on Monday as the showdown over Crimea reached a new stage of confrontation between East and West. | WASHINGTON — The United States, working in coordination with Europe, imposed a new round of sanctions on 11 prominent Russian and Ukrainian political figures on Monday as the showdown over Crimea reached a new stage of confrontation between East and West. |
| President Obama signed an executive order freezing the assets and banning visas for Russians deemed to be responsible for the seizing of Crimea or otherwise interfering in Ukrainian sovereignty. Among those targeted were several top aides or allies of President Vladimir V. Putin, and the White House threatened to go after more if Russia did not back down. | President Obama signed an executive order freezing the assets and banning visas for Russians deemed to be responsible for the seizing of Crimea or otherwise interfering in Ukrainian sovereignty. Among those targeted were several top aides or allies of President Vladimir V. Putin, and the White House threatened to go after more if Russia did not back down. |
| “We’re making it clear there are consequences for these actions,” Mr. Obama said in a televised statement in the White House briefing room on Monday morning. “The international community will continue to stand together to oppose any violations of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity.” | “We’re making it clear there are consequences for these actions,” Mr. Obama said in a televised statement in the White House briefing room on Monday morning. “The international community will continue to stand together to oppose any violations of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity.” |
| He repeated that Russia can still defuse the conflict. “Going forward, we can calibrate our response based on whether Russia chooses to escalate or de-escalate the situation,” he said. “Now, I believe there is still a path to resolve this situation diplomatically.” | He repeated that Russia can still defuse the conflict. “Going forward, we can calibrate our response based on whether Russia chooses to escalate or de-escalate the situation,” he said. “Now, I believe there is still a path to resolve this situation diplomatically.” |
| Mr. Obama is sending Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. to Eastern Europe later Monday evening to meet with leaders of Poland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, NATO allies that feel especially nervous about Russian assertiveness. The president leaves for Europe next week on a previously scheduled trip that may be consumed with the Ukraine crisis. | Mr. Obama is sending Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. to Eastern Europe later Monday evening to meet with leaders of Poland, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, NATO allies that feel especially nervous about Russian assertiveness. The president leaves for Europe next week on a previously scheduled trip that may be consumed with the Ukraine crisis. |
| In a conference call to brief reporters Monday morning, administration officials said Mr. Obama has created a new set of sanctions that, while targeting a limited number of individuals at first, has a broader scope than any aimed at Moscow in decades. | |
| “These are by far the most comprehensive sanctions applied to Russia since the end of the Cold War — far and away so,” said one of the officials, who under the ground rules of the briefing was not permitted to be identified. | |
| Among those penalized on Monday were Vladislav Surkov, for years one of Mr. Putin’s most influential advisers, known as the Kremlin’s “gray cardinal”; Sergei Glazyev, an economist who has been advising Mr. Putin on Ukraine; Valentina Matviyenko, chairman of the Federation Council, the upper house of Parliament; and Dmitry Rogozin, a deputy prime minister. No sanctions were placed on Mr. Putin. | Among those penalized on Monday were Vladislav Surkov, for years one of Mr. Putin’s most influential advisers, known as the Kremlin’s “gray cardinal”; Sergei Glazyev, an economist who has been advising Mr. Putin on Ukraine; Valentina Matviyenko, chairman of the Federation Council, the upper house of Parliament; and Dmitry Rogozin, a deputy prime minister. No sanctions were placed on Mr. Putin. |
| Others named by the White House were Leonid Slutsky and Yelena Mizulina, members of the State Duma, the lower house of Parliament; and Andrey Klishas, a member of the Federation Council who wrote a bill to seize assets of Western individuals and assets in retaliation for any sanctions imposed on Russia. | Others named by the White House were Leonid Slutsky and Yelena Mizulina, members of the State Duma, the lower house of Parliament; and Andrey Klishas, a member of the Federation Council who wrote a bill to seize assets of Western individuals and assets in retaliation for any sanctions imposed on Russia. |
| The White House also sanctioned two Russian-supported figures who have taken power in Crimea — Sergei Aksyonov, the newly declared prime minister; and Vladimir Konstantinov, the newly declared speaker of its Parliament. It also targeted Viktor F. Yanukovych, the pro-Russian Ukrainian president deposed in February; and Viktor Medvedchuk, head of a pro-Russian civil society group, Ukrainian Choice. | The White House also sanctioned two Russian-supported figures who have taken power in Crimea — Sergei Aksyonov, the newly declared prime minister; and Vladimir Konstantinov, the newly declared speaker of its Parliament. It also targeted Viktor F. Yanukovych, the pro-Russian Ukrainian president deposed in February; and Viktor Medvedchuk, head of a pro-Russian civil society group, Ukrainian Choice. |
| The sanctions came the day after a Moscow-supported referendum in Crimea in which local authorities claimed a 97 percent vote in favor of breaking off from Ukraine and rejoining Russia. The new Crimean government on Monday declared itself independent as it seeks annexation from Russia, which sent troops into the Ukrainian province after Mr. Yanukovych’s ouster. | The sanctions came the day after a Moscow-supported referendum in Crimea in which local authorities claimed a 97 percent vote in favor of breaking off from Ukraine and rejoining Russia. The new Crimean government on Monday declared itself independent as it seeks annexation from Russia, which sent troops into the Ukrainian province after Mr. Yanukovych’s ouster. |
| Mr. Obama told Mr. Putin in a telephone call on Sunday that the referendum “violates the Ukrainian Constitution and occurred under duress of Russian military intervention” and “would never be recognized by the United States and the international community.” He continued to stress, however, that “there remains a clear path for resolving this crisis diplomatically.” | Mr. Obama told Mr. Putin in a telephone call on Sunday that the referendum “violates the Ukrainian Constitution and occurred under duress of Russian military intervention” and “would never be recognized by the United States and the international community.” He continued to stress, however, that “there remains a clear path for resolving this crisis diplomatically.” |
| European officials approved their own sanctions on Monday, targeting 21 individuals. Their list overlapped to some extent with the American list, according to Obama administration officials; however, the names will not be released until Tuesday. | European officials approved their own sanctions on Monday, targeting 21 individuals. Their list overlapped to some extent with the American list, according to Obama administration officials; however, the names will not be released until Tuesday. |
| In taking his action on Monday, Mr. Obama signed a new executive order intended to broaden the sanctions authority he already approved. Aides said he was targeting three broad categories of people: Russian government officials, arms sector figures, and others deemed to be working on behalf of Russian senior officials, the latter called “Russian government cronies” by a senior American official. | In taking his action on Monday, Mr. Obama signed a new executive order intended to broaden the sanctions authority he already approved. Aides said he was targeting three broad categories of people: Russian government officials, arms sector figures, and others deemed to be working on behalf of Russian senior officials, the latter called “Russian government cronies” by a senior American official. |
| The order means that any assets owned by the targeted Russians in the United States will be frozen and Americans will not be allowed to do business with them. If they want to transact in dollars, they will no longer be able to do so, officials said. And the American action will influence foreign banks and other institutions not to do business with these Russians, officials said. | The order means that any assets owned by the targeted Russians in the United States will be frozen and Americans will not be allowed to do business with them. If they want to transact in dollars, they will no longer be able to do so, officials said. And the American action will influence foreign banks and other institutions not to do business with these Russians, officials said. |
| The sanctions are the second round approved by Mr. Obama. The first round banned visas for nearly a dozen Russian and Ukrainian individuals but did not include financial measures. | The sanctions are the second round approved by Mr. Obama. The first round banned visas for nearly a dozen Russian and Ukrainian individuals but did not include financial measures. |
| Mr. Obama held off a more expansive target list on Monday to leave room for future action if necessary. “We have the ability to escalate our actions in response to Russian actions,” a senior administration official told reporters. | Mr. Obama held off a more expansive target list on Monday to leave room for future action if necessary. “We have the ability to escalate our actions in response to Russian actions,” a senior administration official told reporters. |
| Some of those targeted on Monday are among the most prominent Russian politicians. Mr. Surkov, for instance, is considered the architect of Mr. Putin’s highly centralized political system, dubbed “sovereign democracy.” He was the deputy chief of staff until being pushed out in 2011 amid street protests against Mr. Putin’s decision to reassume the presidency from the prime ministership, but Mr. Surkov was brought back into the Kremlin last year, albeit to a less significant post. | Some of those targeted on Monday are among the most prominent Russian politicians. Mr. Surkov, for instance, is considered the architect of Mr. Putin’s highly centralized political system, dubbed “sovereign democracy.” He was the deputy chief of staff until being pushed out in 2011 amid street protests against Mr. Putin’s decision to reassume the presidency from the prime ministership, but Mr. Surkov was brought back into the Kremlin last year, albeit to a less significant post. |
| Still, in Moscow, the initial listing was met with public derision and even mockery, though privately there appeared to be relief that the sanctions had not reached any of Russia’s major economic or banking figures, as many had feared. In one measure of the reaction, Russia’s battered stock markets rose sharply at the end of the day as the American and European announcements were made. | |
| Before the sanctions were announced, the referendum in Crimea was greeted as a triumph, as senior lawmakers promised to move quickly to provide the legal basis for the peninsula to join Russia. The Kremlin announced that Mr. Putin would address both houses of Parliament on Tuesday, when he is expected to endorse the annexation, despite the broad international condemnation. | |
| The highest ranking government official on the list, Mr. Rogozin, who oversees the defense industry, chided the American president as “Comrade Obama” and asked whether he had considered the fact that those on the list did not have property or assets abroad. | |
| Mr. Klishas, chairman of the constitutional committee of the upper house of Parliament, which voted on March 1 to authorize the use of force in Ukraine, brushed aside the sanctions as well, saying they were “no tragedy for me.” | |
| “I was quite happy with the company of people in which I found myself,” he told the Interfax news agency. | |
| Ms. Mizulina, who has gained prominence for her role in legislation banning adoptions by Americans and cracking down on pro-gay “propaganda” to minors, said her inclusion was “a revenge for my views.” In a statement sent by email, she also said neither she nor her family have property or accounts outside of Russia. | |
| “I consider what has happened a rude violation of my rights and freedoms as a citizen and a politician,” she said. | |
| American officials expect Moscow to retaliate. | |
| Although the United States is not a large trading partner with Russia, a number of large American corporations are deeply involved in the Russian market, including ExxonMobil, Boeing, Ford and PepsiCo. Those businesses have been nervous about an escalation that would affect their representatives or operations in Russia. | Although the United States is not a large trading partner with Russia, a number of large American corporations are deeply involved in the Russian market, including ExxonMobil, Boeing, Ford and PepsiCo. Those businesses have been nervous about an escalation that would affect their representatives or operations in Russia. |
| American officials said they were braced for retribution but expressed confidence that they could do more harm to Russia than the other way around. “Russia stands a lot more to lose from political and economic isolation than the United States,” said the senior administration official. “The world is with us.” |