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Explaining Boko Haram, Nigeria’s Islamist Insurgency Explaining Boko Haram, Nigeria’s Islamist Insurgency
(7 months later)
Boko Haram is an Islamist extremist group responsible for dozens of massacres of civilians in its five-year insurgency in Nigeria, including the brazen kidnapping last month of more than 250 schoolgirls and the abduction, reported Tuesday, of 11 more teenagers. Boko Haram is an Islamist extremist group responsible for dozens of massacres of civilians and the abduction of more than 500 women and girls in its five-year insurgency in Nigeria.
The kidnappings are the latest assault by the insurgent group, which has terrorized local populations and regularly engages the Nigerian military in bloody combat with the aim of destabilizing and ultimately overthrowing the government and establishing an Islamic caliphate in its place. When a suicide bomber dressed as a student infiltrated a high school in northern Nigeria on Monday and detonated explosives in a backpack, killing almost 50 students and teachers, suspicion quickly focused on Boko Haram, which had carried out similar attacks in that part of the country.
The State Department’s annual report on terrorism around the globe, issued last month, estimated that the group’s members ranged from “the hundreds to a few thousand.” The report warned that “the number and sophistication of BH’s attacks are concerning,” and that Boko Haram had increasingly crossed into neighboring Cameroon, Chad and Niger to “evade pressure and conduct operations.” The militant group had stepped up its onslaught since the Nigerian authorities announced a cease-fire last month and the possible negotiated release of more than 250 schoolgirls kidnapped in April. In fact, the Boko Haram leader, Abubakar Shekau, said in a videotaped message that there would be no cease-fire and that the schoolgirls kidnapped by his group would not be returned.
In the model of many of Al Qaeda’s affiliates, Boko Haram receives the bulk of its funding from bank robberies and related criminal activities, including extortion and kidnapping for ransom, the State Department report said. “All of them have accepted Islam and are now married,” he was quoted as saying. “Anybody that said plans are underway for the release of the girls is just daydreaming.”
Founded in Maiduguri, Nigeria, in 2002 by the Muslim cleric Mohammed Yusuf, Boko Haram was largely contained to the northern part of the country before expanding its reach with the help of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, the terrorist organization’s affiliate in West Africa. The deadly bombings and brazen kidnappings are the hallmarks of the insurgent group, which has terrorized local populations and regularly engages the Nigerian military in bloody combat. It aims to destabilize and ultimately overthrow the government, then establish an Islamic caliphate in its place.
The day after the government’s announcement of a cease-fire deal in October, at least 60 young women were reported to have been kidnapped by militants in Adamawa State, just south of the Boko Haram stronghold near Maiduguri. Numerous other attacks that followed have been attributed to the Boko Haram militants.
Such official announcements have been greeted with broad skepticism in Nigeria, where the government has regularly promised a resolution to an insurgency now in its sixth year. The Nigerian government and the military have been roundly criticized for failing to stop Boko Haram, which was founded in Maiduguri in 2002 by the Muslim cleric Mohammed Yusuf. Boko Haram was largely contained to the northern part of the country in the beginning, before expanding its reach with the help of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, the terrorist organization’s affiliate in West Africa.
Clashes between Muslims and Christians, common in Nigeria, radicalized the group, as did frictions with local authorities that escalated into retaliatory attacks. After the group’s founder was killed by the Nigerian police in 2009, his followers went underground, swearing vengeance.Clashes between Muslims and Christians, common in Nigeria, radicalized the group, as did frictions with local authorities that escalated into retaliatory attacks. After the group’s founder was killed by the Nigerian police in 2009, his followers went underground, swearing vengeance.
Since then, Boko Haram has carried out a number of increasingly lethal attacks on villages, government buildings, police stations, prisons, churches and even mosques. By 2011, the heavily armed group had expanded its attacks to other parts of the country, carrying out audacious strikes in the capital, Abuja, where a car bomb detonated at the United Nations headquarters killed nearly two dozen people in August 2011.Since then, Boko Haram has carried out a number of increasingly lethal attacks on villages, government buildings, police stations, prisons, churches and even mosques. By 2011, the heavily armed group had expanded its attacks to other parts of the country, carrying out audacious strikes in the capital, Abuja, where a car bomb detonated at the United Nations headquarters killed nearly two dozen people in August 2011.
In early 2012, Boko Haram conducted a series of attacks in Kano, northern Nigeria’s largest city, killing more than 100 people, then the group’s deadliest strike. The group continued to engage in mounting battles with the Nigerian military. Earlier this year in Maiduguri, more than 500 people were killed when security forces responded to what the military portrayed as a jailbreak attempt by Boko Haram.In early 2012, Boko Haram conducted a series of attacks in Kano, northern Nigeria’s largest city, killing more than 100 people, then the group’s deadliest strike. The group continued to engage in mounting battles with the Nigerian military. Earlier this year in Maiduguri, more than 500 people were killed when security forces responded to what the military portrayed as a jailbreak attempt by Boko Haram.
In its effort to overthrow the Nigerian government, Boko Haram militants have tried to violently root out Western influence by attacking schools. In its effort to overthrow the Nigerian government, Boko Haram militants have tried to violently root out Western influence by attacking schools. Roughly translated, Boko Haram means “Western education is forbidden.”
“The group’s very name is a rallying cry against schools,” The New York Times’s Adam Nossiter wrote in March, 2012. Roughly translated, Boko Haram means “Western education is forbidden.” Last February, Boko Haram slaughtered 50 teenage boys — some burned alive — at a college in northeastern Nigeria. That atrocity, like many others, was quickly forgotten in Nigeria and barely noticed outside of it. But the group attracted international attention, when, on April 15, militants marched into a girls’ school in Chibok, in the remote northeast corner of the country, kidnapped more than 250 teenagers, loaded them onto trucks and drove them into a dense forest at night.
President Obama on Tuesday described Boko Haram as “one of the worst regional or local terrorist organizations in the world.” In recent years, the United Nations and the American government have warned that the group poses an increasing menace to Western interests. The government’s failure to respond to the enraged parents of the girls prompted a rare, grass-roots protest movement to pressure President Goodluck Jonathan to take action. Several hundred women marched on the Parliament building in Abuja, and a social media campaign employing the hashtag #BringBackOurGirls took off.
A 2011 report by the House Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence cited the “emerging threat” that Boko Haram posed to the United States. And a United Nations report in January 2012 cited regional officials as saying that “Boko Haram had established links with Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,” and that “some of its members from Nigeria and Chad had received training in Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb camps in Mali during the summer of 2011.” The situation has worsened since then: a Human Rights Watch report released in October estimated that at least 500 women and girls have been abducted by Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. The failure to rescue the girls “appears to have emboldened Boko Haram to step up abductions elsewhere,” Human Rights Watch reported.
President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria said in 2012 that the group had global ambitions, and Gen. Carter F. Ham, the head of the military’s Africa Command, said at the time that “we have seen clear indications of collaboration among the organizations.”
The House Committee on Homeland Security noted in 2013 that “Boko Haram continues to pose a threat to both the United States and our allies” and called for the group to be classified as a foreign terrorists organization.
“For years, Boko Haram has assaulted the people of Nigeria, embraced Al Qaeda’s brand of international terror, and threatened the United States,” the 2013 report concluded, adding: “The world is coming to know more about Boko Haram; their intentions, what they’re capable of, and who is supporting them.”
“Boko Haram,” it said, “shows no signs of ending its campaign against the government of Nigeria and the Western world.”
In February, Boko Haram slaughtered 50 teenage boys — some burned alive — at a college in northeastern Nigeria. That atrocity, like many others, was quickly forgotten in Nigeria and barely noticed outside of it. But the group attracted rare international attention, when, on April 15, militants marched into a girls’ school in Chibok, in the remote northeast corner of the country, kidnapped more than 250 teenagers, loaded them onto trucks and drove them into a dense forest at night.
The government’s failure to respond to the enraged parents of the girls prompted a rare, grass-roots protest movement to pressure President Jonathan to take action. Several hundred women marched on the Parliament building in Abuja, and a social media campaign employing the hashtag #BringBackOurGirls took off.
A video message apparently made by the Boko Haram leader, Abubakar Shekau, claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of the schoolgirls, called them slaves and threatened to “sell them in the market.”
“Western education should end,” he said in the video, speaking in Hausa and Arabic. “Girls, you should go and get married.” The Islamist leader also warned that he would “give their hands in marriage because they are our slaves. We would marry them out at the age of 9. We would marry them out at the age of 12.”
It was the first time the group had claimed responsibility for the kidnappings, which have gripped Nigeria and created deepening global concern. On Tuesday the United States offered to provide a team of experts, including military and law enforcement officers, hostage negotiators, and psychologists, to assist in recovering the girls, an offer the Nigerian government accepted.