This article is from the source 'guardian' and was first published or seen on . It last changed over 40 days ago and won't be checked again for changes.
You can find the current article at its original source at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/25/pornography-soviet-union-secret-collection
The article has changed 3 times. There is an RSS feed of changes available.
| Version 0 | Version 1 |
|---|---|
| Inside the Soviet Union's secret pornography collection | Inside the Soviet Union's secret pornography collection |
| (2 months later) | |
| In the heart of the Russian State Library, Marina Chestnykh takes the creaking elevator up to the ninth floor. She walks past stack after stack of books kept behind metal cages, the shelves barely visible in the dim light from the frosted-glass windows. This is the spetskhran, or old special storage collection — the restricted-access cemetery for material deemed “ideologically harmful” by the Soviet state. | In the heart of the Russian State Library, Marina Chestnykh takes the creaking elevator up to the ninth floor. She walks past stack after stack of books kept behind metal cages, the shelves barely visible in the dim light from the frosted-glass windows. This is the spetskhran, or old special storage collection — the restricted-access cemetery for material deemed “ideologically harmful” by the Soviet state. |
| She arrives at a cage in the floor’s back corner. When she inserts a key in the padlock, the door swings open to reveal thousands of books, paintings, engravings, photographs and films – all, in one way or another, connected to sex. | She arrives at a cage in the floor’s back corner. When she inserts a key in the padlock, the door swings open to reveal thousands of books, paintings, engravings, photographs and films – all, in one way or another, connected to sex. |
| It was the kinkiest secret in the Soviet Union: across from the Kremlin, the country’s main library held a pornographic treasure trove. Founded by the Bolsheviks as a repository for aristocrats’ erotica, the collection eventually grew to house 12,000 items from around the world, ranging from 18th-century Japanese engravings to Nixon-era romance novels. | It was the kinkiest secret in the Soviet Union: across from the Kremlin, the country’s main library held a pornographic treasure trove. Founded by the Bolsheviks as a repository for aristocrats’ erotica, the collection eventually grew to house 12,000 items from around the world, ranging from 18th-century Japanese engravings to Nixon-era romance novels. |
| Off limits to the general public, the collection was always open to top party brass – some of whom are said to have enjoyed visiting. Today, the collection is still something of a secret: there is no complete compendium of its contents and many of them are still not listed in the catalogue. | Off limits to the general public, the collection was always open to top party brass – some of whom are said to have enjoyed visiting. Today, the collection is still something of a secret: there is no complete compendium of its contents and many of them are still not listed in the catalogue. |
| “We chose to preserve it intact, as a relic of the era when it was created,” Chestnykh said. | “We chose to preserve it intact, as a relic of the era when it was created,” Chestnykh said. |
| Chestnykh, who traverses the drafty stacks in a purple knit poncho, is the collection’s main overseer. Despite joining the library in the 1980s she only learned of the collection's existence in the 1990s, when she was asked to help reassign its holdings to a different department. | Chestnykh, who traverses the drafty stacks in a purple knit poncho, is the collection’s main overseer. Despite joining the library in the 1980s she only learned of the collection's existence in the 1990s, when she was asked to help reassign its holdings to a different department. |
| Did its contents come as a surprise? | Did its contents come as a surprise? |
| “Yes and no,” she said. “There was a special collection, so I knew something pretty special had to be kept there.” | “Yes and no,” she said. “There was a special collection, so I knew something pretty special had to be kept there.” |
| The story begins in the 1920s, when the Bolsheviks turned what was once the Rumyantsev arts museum into the country’s national library. As the newly named Lenin Library began amassing new literature, it also opened a rare book department to house compromising materials acquired primarily from confiscated noble libraries. | |
| One of the most stunning items seized from an unknown owner is The Seven Deadly Sins, an oversized book of engravings self-published in 1918 by Vasily Masyutin, who also illustrated classics by Pushkin and Chekhov. Among its depictions of gluttony is a large woman masturbating with a ghoulish smile. | One of the most stunning items seized from an unknown owner is The Seven Deadly Sins, an oversized book of engravings self-published in 1918 by Vasily Masyutin, who also illustrated classics by Pushkin and Chekhov. Among its depictions of gluttony is a large woman masturbating with a ghoulish smile. |
| Before the revolution, it was fashionable among the upper classes to assemble so-calledknigi dlya dam (Ladies’ Books) – a kind of bawdy scrapbook. An ostentatious leather-bound album with Kniga Dlya Dam embossed in gold on the cover opens to reveal a Chinese silk drawing of an entwined couple. Further on, dozens of engravings show aristocratic duos fornicating in sumptuously upholstered settings. | |
| Erotica was also consumed by Russia’s masses, as evidenced by a set of pamphlets from the 1910s. A pamphlet labeled Pikantnaya Biblioteka (Naughty Library), containing a tale from the 14th century Italian classic Decameron and a story titled A Consultation, sold for 50 kopeks. On the cover, a satanic figure grips a silky-tressed damsel in distress. | Erotica was also consumed by Russia’s masses, as evidenced by a set of pamphlets from the 1910s. A pamphlet labeled Pikantnaya Biblioteka (Naughty Library), containing a tale from the 14th century Italian classic Decameron and a story titled A Consultation, sold for 50 kopeks. On the cover, a satanic figure grips a silky-tressed damsel in distress. |
| In the 1930s, increasing control over books led to hundreds of new additions. Items deemed inappropriate now extended to Soviet writings on sexuality from the previous decade, when abortion was legalised and Alexandra Kollontai, the most famous woman in the Bolshevik government, called for the destruction of the traditional family — a movement reversed under Stalin. | In the 1930s, increasing control over books led to hundreds of new additions. Items deemed inappropriate now extended to Soviet writings on sexuality from the previous decade, when abortion was legalised and Alexandra Kollontai, the most famous woman in the Bolshevik government, called for the destruction of the traditional family — a movement reversed under Stalin. |
| One 1927 publication provided a round up of scientific research into birth control methods. Another title from the same year looked at Delinquency in the Sphere of Sexual Relations, with charts on subjects such as The Social Composition of Sex Criminals. | One 1927 publication provided a round up of scientific research into birth control methods. Another title from the same year looked at Delinquency in the Sphere of Sexual Relations, with charts on subjects such as The Social Composition of Sex Criminals. |
| The collection got its biggest boost from librarian Nikolai Skorodumov, who began collecting books while at school and eventually became the deputy director of the Moscow State University library. Skorodumov led a quiet personal life, taking on his maid as a common-law wife, but his appetite for books was voracious. Interested in rare Russian material as well as foreign acquisitions from France, Germany, the US and beyond, Skorodumov kept collecting until his death in 1947. | The collection got its biggest boost from librarian Nikolai Skorodumov, who began collecting books while at school and eventually became the deputy director of the Moscow State University library. Skorodumov led a quiet personal life, taking on his maid as a common-law wife, but his appetite for books was voracious. Interested in rare Russian material as well as foreign acquisitions from France, Germany, the US and beyond, Skorodumov kept collecting until his death in 1947. |
| Among Skorodumov’s treasures was a portfolio of drawings and watercolours by the avant-garde titan Mikhail Larionov. Made in the 1910s, they are no less scandalous in today’s Russia. One pencil sketch features a happily panting dog standing in front of a human, who is engaged in much more than petting. A watercolor depicts two soldiers having an intimate encounter on a bench. | Among Skorodumov’s treasures was a portfolio of drawings and watercolours by the avant-garde titan Mikhail Larionov. Made in the 1910s, they are no less scandalous in today’s Russia. One pencil sketch features a happily panting dog standing in front of a human, who is engaged in much more than petting. A watercolor depicts two soldiers having an intimate encounter on a bench. |
| How did Skorodumov amass such a collection when owning a foreign title could result in a Gulag sentence? | How did Skorodumov amass such a collection when owning a foreign title could result in a Gulag sentence? |
| First, he was careful to frame it within the discourse of communist ideology, receiving documents from a variety of organisations attesting to its scientific value. Ivan Yermakov, the director of the soon-to-be-disbanded State Psychoanalytic Institute, provided one such letter in 1926: | First, he was careful to frame it within the discourse of communist ideology, receiving documents from a variety of organisations attesting to its scientific value. Ivan Yermakov, the director of the soon-to-be-disbanded State Psychoanalytic Institute, provided one such letter in 1926: |
| “Sexuality demands serious and rigorous scientific examination, particularly as it has played such an extensive role in the evolution of culture and daily life,” wrote Yermakov, who published many of Freud’s works in Russian for the first time. “It is highly important to preserve the collection in unadulterated form as a socially valuable work.” | “Sexuality demands serious and rigorous scientific examination, particularly as it has played such an extensive role in the evolution of culture and daily life,” wrote Yermakov, who published many of Freud’s works in Russian for the first time. “It is highly important to preserve the collection in unadulterated form as a socially valuable work.” |
| There is also a second theory. Stalin’s secret police chief Genrikh Yagoda, a pornography aficionado whose apartment reportedly held a dildo collection, is said to have enjoyed viewing Skorodumov’s holdings. Librarians believe that he personally ensured the latter’s safety. | There is also a second theory. Stalin’s secret police chief Genrikh Yagoda, a pornography aficionado whose apartment reportedly held a dildo collection, is said to have enjoyed viewing Skorodumov’s holdings. Librarians believe that he personally ensured the latter’s safety. |
| After Skorodumov’s death, the NKVD, the forerunner of the KGB, raided his collection. According to a letter sent by library director Vasily Olishev to the Council of Ministers, a post-mortem search of his apartment revealed a staggering 40,000 items, 1,763 of which were “books of an erotic nature” while 5,000 were “pornographic or vulgar” brochures and magazines. | After Skorodumov’s death, the NKVD, the forerunner of the KGB, raided his collection. According to a letter sent by library director Vasily Olishev to the Council of Ministers, a post-mortem search of his apartment revealed a staggering 40,000 items, 1,763 of which were “books of an erotic nature” while 5,000 were “pornographic or vulgar” brochures and magazines. |
| The Soviet state snapped up the collection from Skorodumov’s widow for 14,000 rubles, then a considerable sum. However, Olishev was careful to note that the money did not extend to the erotica. | The Soviet state snapped up the collection from Skorodumov’s widow for 14,000 rubles, then a considerable sum. However, Olishev was careful to note that the money did not extend to the erotica. |
| “The library did not deem it appropriate to pay citizen Burovaya [Skorodumov widow] for the erotic literature, broadsheets and magazines, as this literature presents neither scientific nor historical value to the library’s readers, and is an especially harmful vestige of bourgeois ideology,” he wrote. | “The library did not deem it appropriate to pay citizen Burovaya [Skorodumov widow] for the erotic literature, broadsheets and magazines, as this literature presents neither scientific nor historical value to the library’s readers, and is an especially harmful vestige of bourgeois ideology,” he wrote. |
| For just this reason, however, it was necessary to hang on to it: “The Lenin Library did not deem it appropriate to return literature of such a harmful nature to citizen Burovaya, as its possession in the home of a private citizen presents considerable danger.” | For just this reason, however, it was necessary to hang on to it: “The Lenin Library did not deem it appropriate to return literature of such a harmful nature to citizen Burovaya, as its possession in the home of a private citizen presents considerable danger.” |
| Safely ensconced in the spetskhran, the erotica collection became available for viewing by top Stalinist henchmen. According to legend, they included the mustachioed cavalry officer and civil war hero Semyon Budyonny and grandfatherly Mikhail Kalinin, the longtime figurehead of the Soviet state. | Safely ensconced in the spetskhran, the erotica collection became available for viewing by top Stalinist henchmen. According to legend, they included the mustachioed cavalry officer and civil war hero Semyon Budyonny and grandfatherly Mikhail Kalinin, the longtime figurehead of the Soviet state. |
| “They were supposedly interested in the visual stuff – postcards, photos,” Chestnykh said. A Politburo member did not need a pass: “No one could refuse them.” | “They were supposedly interested in the visual stuff – postcards, photos,” Chestnykh said. A Politburo member did not need a pass: “No one could refuse them.” |
| The collection’s most recent additions date from the 1960s to the 1980s, when racy-looking materials, often in English, were confiscated at customs. | The collection’s most recent additions date from the 1960s to the 1980s, when racy-looking materials, often in English, were confiscated at customs. |
| “There was no system to it,” Chestnykh said. “They just took whatever seemed inappropriate.” | “There was no system to it,” Chestnykh said. “They just took whatever seemed inappropriate.” |
| They bear a variety of purple stamps from the state censor, the meaning of whose numbers – 170, 230 – is puzzling even for librarians. | |
| What resulted is a truly random assemblage: an album of Beatles photographs, an anti-homosexuality screed called Gay is Not Good, multiple English-language Kama Sutras, popular 1970s memoir The Happy Hooker, a set of bawdy limericks, a coffee table book of Picasso paintings and Gore Vidal’s The City and the Pillar. | What resulted is a truly random assemblage: an album of Beatles photographs, an anti-homosexuality screed called Gay is Not Good, multiple English-language Kama Sutras, popular 1970s memoir The Happy Hooker, a set of bawdy limericks, a coffee table book of Picasso paintings and Gore Vidal’s The City and the Pillar. |
| Years after its existence was revealed, the collection is still awaiting comprehensive study. While some books are now available for viewing in the reading rooms – the Marquis de Sade’s writings, Chestnykh said, are the most popular among them – rarer and more delicate artefacts, such as the Larionov drawings, linger in obscurity on the shelves. | Years after its existence was revealed, the collection is still awaiting comprehensive study. While some books are now available for viewing in the reading rooms – the Marquis de Sade’s writings, Chestnykh said, are the most popular among them – rarer and more delicate artefacts, such as the Larionov drawings, linger in obscurity on the shelves. |
| The problem is not just a lack of resources, Chestnykh said. “The management have differing opinions. Some think this material is worthy of examination and display, and others do not.” | The problem is not just a lack of resources, Chestnykh said. “The management have differing opinions. Some think this material is worthy of examination and display, and others do not.” |
| Since the collection has never been truly open to visitors, most items remain incredibly well-preserved, “like fine wine,” she said. However, Chestnykh suspects a few things may have vanished over the years – ferried away by unscrupulous librarians, or even heads of state. | Since the collection has never been truly open to visitors, most items remain incredibly well-preserved, “like fine wine,” she said. However, Chestnykh suspects a few things may have vanished over the years – ferried away by unscrupulous librarians, or even heads of state. |
| “Innocent before proven guilty,” she said with a smile, locking the metal cage’s door behind her. | “Innocent before proven guilty,” she said with a smile, locking the metal cage’s door behind her. |