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| Iranians Hope for Nuclear Deal With West to Kick-Start Economy | Iranians Hope for Nuclear Deal With West to Kick-Start Economy |
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| TEHRAN — Mohammad Heydarian, an Iranian contractor, still has work finishing off a single-family home. But things look bleak after that, he said. He has already fired his workers, and is struggling to make ends meet, providing for his wife and two teenage children. | TEHRAN — Mohammad Heydarian, an Iranian contractor, still has work finishing off a single-family home. But things look bleak after that, he said. He has already fired his workers, and is struggling to make ends meet, providing for his wife and two teenage children. |
| “My life became a fight trying to prevent regression, but I lost,” said Mr. Heydarian, 46. | “My life became a fight trying to prevent regression, but I lost,” said Mr. Heydarian, 46. |
| For more than a year, President Hassan Rouhani has been dangling the prospect of a bright economic future before the middle classes that elected him, promising to complete a deal with the West to limit Iran’s nuclear program and end the sanctions hobbling the Iranian economy. | For more than a year, President Hassan Rouhani has been dangling the prospect of a bright economic future before the middle classes that elected him, promising to complete a deal with the West to limit Iran’s nuclear program and end the sanctions hobbling the Iranian economy. |
| While the deadline of Nov. 24 is fast approaching, it is far from clear whether the two camps will agree on a pact. What seems certain, analysts say, is that with oil prices falling seemingly daily — and projected to drop even further — the oil-dependent government of Iran faces growing pressure to settle the nuclear standoff. | |
| In one sign that Tehran might be bending, Obama administration officials and the chief American negotiator, Wendy Sherman, were said to be briefing lawmakers and allies last week on the outlines of an agreement, hoping to building support in advance of an announcement. | In one sign that Tehran might be bending, Obama administration officials and the chief American negotiator, Wendy Sherman, were said to be briefing lawmakers and allies last week on the outlines of an agreement, hoping to building support in advance of an announcement. |
| Iranian officials will never admit that either sanctions or low oil prices have any effect on their bargaining position in the nuclear talks. Yet, for a country that by some estimates needs an oil price of more than $140 a barrel to balance its budget, the roughly 25 percent drop in oil prices to around $80 a barrel since last summer has to be deeply concerning. | Iranian officials will never admit that either sanctions or low oil prices have any effect on their bargaining position in the nuclear talks. Yet, for a country that by some estimates needs an oil price of more than $140 a barrel to balance its budget, the roughly 25 percent drop in oil prices to around $80 a barrel since last summer has to be deeply concerning. |
| The precipitous decline could force the government to cut back popular benefits, like subsidies for gasoline and utilities and the $12 monthly cash benefit that Iranians have come to consider a birthright. And it could have even broader effects, possibly sending the economy into recession and pressuring the country’s currency. | The precipitous decline could force the government to cut back popular benefits, like subsidies for gasoline and utilities and the $12 monthly cash benefit that Iranians have come to consider a birthright. And it could have even broader effects, possibly sending the economy into recession and pressuring the country’s currency. |
| “Oil prices are bound to go down even further, and already the government faces big financial shortcomings,” said Jamshid Edalatian, an economist and member of Tehran’s Chamber of Commerce, which is close to the government. “We need this nuclear deal or we will face very hard times.” | “Oil prices are bound to go down even further, and already the government faces big financial shortcomings,” said Jamshid Edalatian, an economist and member of Tehran’s Chamber of Commerce, which is close to the government. “We need this nuclear deal or we will face very hard times.” |
| The government has quietly begun to take measures to ease the pain of the inevitable losses in oil income, which are only now beginning to be felt since Iran typically sells its oil in three-month contracts. | The government has quietly begun to take measures to ease the pain of the inevitable losses in oil income, which are only now beginning to be felt since Iran typically sells its oil in three-month contracts. |
| To cover an expected shortfall of nearly $2.25 billion in the coming three months, Mr. Rouhani announced this week that his government would dip into strategic financial reserves — which he himself last year said the country did not have — to pay for continuing civil engineering projects. | To cover an expected shortfall of nearly $2.25 billion in the coming three months, Mr. Rouhani announced this week that his government would dip into strategic financial reserves — which he himself last year said the country did not have — to pay for continuing civil engineering projects. |
| The hope all along for the West was that financial pressures would soften Tehran’s negotiating stance on the nuclear pact, and they still might, particularly if the drop in oil prices proves to be more than transitory. However, most analysts here remain adamant that any such hopes are misplaced. | The hope all along for the West was that financial pressures would soften Tehran’s negotiating stance on the nuclear pact, and they still might, particularly if the drop in oil prices proves to be more than transitory. However, most analysts here remain adamant that any such hopes are misplaced. |
| “They will remain focused on getting a deal, but not any deal,” said Ali Khorram, a former Iranian ambassador to China who is close to the nuclear negotiating team. He said that Iran had been taking lessons from Iraq and Libya: Iraq got stuck in the quagmire of sanctions by making halfhearted compromises, and Libya has just turned in its entire nuclear program. | “They will remain focused on getting a deal, but not any deal,” said Ali Khorram, a former Iranian ambassador to China who is close to the nuclear negotiating team. He said that Iran had been taking lessons from Iraq and Libya: Iraq got stuck in the quagmire of sanctions by making halfhearted compromises, and Libya has just turned in its entire nuclear program. |
| “It is clear for us, we either want a comprehensive deal or no deal at all,” Mr. Khorram said, referring to the Iranian demand to retain an enrichment program while forging a step-by-step plan to cancel all sanctions. | “It is clear for us, we either want a comprehensive deal or no deal at all,” Mr. Khorram said, referring to the Iranian demand to retain an enrichment program while forging a step-by-step plan to cancel all sanctions. |
| “I’m sure there is a Plan B if things go differently,” he added. | “I’m sure there is a Plan B if things go differently,” he added. |
| If there is such a plan, it is a well-kept secret. | If there is such a plan, it is a well-kept secret. |
| In Plan A — Mr. Rouhani’s vision — a nuclear deal would lead to the lifting of all sanctions, and the Iranian economy would become a tempting paradise for foreign investors. | In Plan A — Mr. Rouhani’s vision — a nuclear deal would lead to the lifting of all sanctions, and the Iranian economy would become a tempting paradise for foreign investors. |
| The pro-government news media greedily churn out items about foreign companies showing interest in Iran, one of the last untouched markets in the world. This week they reported that General Motors was interested in cooperating with Iran Khodro, Iran’s largest car manufacturer. Apple iPhones are advertised on billboards. On Thursday, Boeing reported selling its first products to Iran in 35 years — $120,000 worth of maps and information. | The pro-government news media greedily churn out items about foreign companies showing interest in Iran, one of the last untouched markets in the world. This week they reported that General Motors was interested in cooperating with Iran Khodro, Iran’s largest car manufacturer. Apple iPhones are advertised on billboards. On Thursday, Boeing reported selling its first products to Iran in 35 years — $120,000 worth of maps and information. |
| “We are already victorious in the nuclear talks,” Mr. Rouhani said, smiling on state television on Tuesday, “and will be triumphant with God’s grace tomorrow, too, not only in this arena, but in many others.” | “We are already victorious in the nuclear talks,” Mr. Rouhani said, smiling on state television on Tuesday, “and will be triumphant with God’s grace tomorrow, too, not only in this arena, but in many others.” |
| Mr. Rouhani’s insistence that a deal is inevitable is contagious, many Iranians say. “Our leaders repeat this over and over again on television,” Mr. Heydarian said. “The deal will come, sanctions will be lifted, businessmen will come and Iran will have a prosperous future. They must be very sure of themselves, so I trust it will happen.” | Mr. Rouhani’s insistence that a deal is inevitable is contagious, many Iranians say. “Our leaders repeat this over and over again on television,” Mr. Heydarian said. “The deal will come, sanctions will be lifted, businessmen will come and Iran will have a prosperous future. They must be very sure of themselves, so I trust it will happen.” |
| At Bahram’s Barber Shop, near Tehran’s busy Keshavarz Boulevard, all five seats were empty early Wednesday morning, so Isa, 35, had decided to polish the samovar, a traditional Iranian teakettle. The television was switched to the news channel, but the barber was singing an Iranian song about hearts filled with love. | At Bahram’s Barber Shop, near Tehran’s busy Keshavarz Boulevard, all five seats were empty early Wednesday morning, so Isa, 35, had decided to polish the samovar, a traditional Iranian teakettle. The television was switched to the news channel, but the barber was singing an Iranian song about hearts filled with love. |
| Isa, who was uncomfortable giving his family name for fear of reprisals, said he had voted for Mr. Rouhani because he was the only one who was not a hard-liner. “I believe in his promises,” Isa said, “mainly because the reality is something I prefer not to think about.” | Isa, who was uncomfortable giving his family name for fear of reprisals, said he had voted for Mr. Rouhani because he was the only one who was not a hard-liner. “I believe in his promises,” Isa said, “mainly because the reality is something I prefer not to think about.” |
| The government misses no opportunity to point out its successes, like bringing inflation down to around 25 percent from over 40 percent and halting the decline in the national currency, the rial. And the government has continued to make the monthly $12 cash payments to almost all Iranians (except the very wealthy). | The government misses no opportunity to point out its successes, like bringing inflation down to around 25 percent from over 40 percent and halting the decline in the national currency, the rial. And the government has continued to make the monthly $12 cash payments to almost all Iranians (except the very wealthy). |
| The continuous injections of hope have led some Iranians to worry about a backlash of disappointment should the nuclear negotiations collapse. Judicial officials and some commanders have started to warn against any return of “seditionist” movements, as grass-roots protests are often officially called here. | The continuous injections of hope have led some Iranians to worry about a backlash of disappointment should the nuclear negotiations collapse. Judicial officials and some commanders have started to warn against any return of “seditionist” movements, as grass-roots protests are often officially called here. |
| “It is obvious that President Rouhani’s forecast and promises of economic improvement have been too optimistic and unrealistic,” said Hamid Reza Taraghi, a political analyst close to Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. | “It is obvious that President Rouhani’s forecast and promises of economic improvement have been too optimistic and unrealistic,” said Hamid Reza Taraghi, a political analyst close to Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. |
| “We could very well see some civil protests in some cities,” said Hamid Reza Jalaeipour, a sociologist and former reformist politician. “But Iranians are like sheets of copper: They can be folded and bended, but they never fall apart. We can adapt to bad times.” | “We could very well see some civil protests in some cities,” said Hamid Reza Jalaeipour, a sociologist and former reformist politician. “But Iranians are like sheets of copper: They can be folded and bended, but they never fall apart. We can adapt to bad times.” |
| In the state-dominated news media, it is the good news that gets most of the attention. On Sunday, a government spokesman announced that the economy grew at a rate of 9.5 percent in the third quarter, easily surpassing China, for example. But most Iranians dismiss such figures as either fake or applying only to the new “1 percent” class of mostly corrupt, ultrarich tycoons. | In the state-dominated news media, it is the good news that gets most of the attention. On Sunday, a government spokesman announced that the economy grew at a rate of 9.5 percent in the third quarter, easily surpassing China, for example. But most Iranians dismiss such figures as either fake or applying only to the new “1 percent” class of mostly corrupt, ultrarich tycoons. |
| “I don’t know much about the economy,” said Mahin Ranjbaran, 37, who sometimes washes dishes in a restaurant. “But my husband and two children and I have to live in with my parents, and we still cannot afford to pay the bills. That is how I measure improvement or decline.” | “I don’t know much about the economy,” said Mahin Ranjbaran, 37, who sometimes washes dishes in a restaurant. “But my husband and two children and I have to live in with my parents, and we still cannot afford to pay the bills. That is how I measure improvement or decline.” |