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| U.S. Adds Planes to Bolster Drive to Wipe Out ISIS | U.S. Adds Planes to Bolster Drive to Wipe Out ISIS |
| (about 1 hour later) | |
| SHAW AIR FORCE BASE, S.C. — The United States is shifting more attack and surveillance aircraft from Afghanistan to the air war against the Islamic State, deepening American involvement in the conflict and presenting new challenges for the military planners who work here in central South Carolina, far from the targets they will pick for those aircraft. | SHAW AIR FORCE BASE, S.C. — The United States is shifting more attack and surveillance aircraft from Afghanistan to the air war against the Islamic State, deepening American involvement in the conflict and presenting new challenges for the military planners who work here in central South Carolina, far from the targets they will pick for those aircraft. |
| A dozen A-10 ground-attack planes have recently moved from Afghanistan to Kuwait, where they are to start flying missions supporting Iraqi ground troops as early as this week, military officials said. About half a dozen missile-firing Reaper drones will also be redeployed from Afghanistan in the next several weeks. | A dozen A-10 ground-attack planes have recently moved from Afghanistan to Kuwait, where they are to start flying missions supporting Iraqi ground troops as early as this week, military officials said. About half a dozen missile-firing Reaper drones will also be redeployed from Afghanistan in the next several weeks. |
| Perhaps nowhere outside the Middle East do the additional aircraft have a more direct impact than at this Air Force base, which has become a leading symbol of the military’s ability to carry out global operations from afar. | Perhaps nowhere outside the Middle East do the additional aircraft have a more direct impact than at this Air Force base, which has become a leading symbol of the military’s ability to carry out global operations from afar. |
| But while the Air Force personnel who help plan airstrikes against the Islamic State from here will have more firepower to bring to bear, they face an unusual enemy, a hybrid between a conventional army and a terrorist network, that has not proved to be an easy target for American air power. | |
| “When we target a nation-state, we’ve typically been looking at their capability for decades, and have extensive target sets,” said Maj. Sonny Alberdeston, the targeting chief here. “But these guys are moving around. They can be in one place, and then a week later, they’re gone.” | “When we target a nation-state, we’ve typically been looking at their capability for decades, and have extensive target sets,” said Maj. Sonny Alberdeston, the targeting chief here. “But these guys are moving around. They can be in one place, and then a week later, they’re gone.” |
| Just as the Pentagon flies its wartime fleet of Predator and Reaper drones from bases in Nevada and elsewhere across the United States, this rear headquarters of the Central Command’s air forces carries out the bulk of the work to analyze and select planned targets that allied warplanes strike in Syria and Iraq. | Just as the Pentagon flies its wartime fleet of Predator and Reaper drones from bases in Nevada and elsewhere across the United States, this rear headquarters of the Central Command’s air forces carries out the bulk of the work to analyze and select planned targets that allied warplanes strike in Syria and Iraq. |
| The targets are fixed sites like military headquarters and communications centers, oil refineries, training camps, troop barracks and weapons depots — in short, everything the Islamic State needs to sustain its fight. | The targets are fixed sites like military headquarters and communications centers, oil refineries, training camps, troop barracks and weapons depots — in short, everything the Islamic State needs to sustain its fight. |
| More than 7,000 miles away at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar, in the Persian Gulf, another group of analysts and targeting specialists focuses on so-called pop-up targets — convoys of militants or heavy weaponry on the move. These have been the top priority of the three-month campaign, even though only about one out of every four aircraft missions sent to attack them has dropped its bombs. The rest of the missions have returned to the base, failing to find a target they were permitted to hit under strict rules of engagement designed to avoid civilian casualties. | More than 7,000 miles away at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar, in the Persian Gulf, another group of analysts and targeting specialists focuses on so-called pop-up targets — convoys of militants or heavy weaponry on the move. These have been the top priority of the three-month campaign, even though only about one out of every four aircraft missions sent to attack them has dropped its bombs. The rest of the missions have returned to the base, failing to find a target they were permitted to hit under strict rules of engagement designed to avoid civilian casualties. |
| Of the 450 strikes in Syria through last week, about 25 percent were planned, military officials said. Of the 540 strikes in Iraq through the same period, there were even fewer, only 5 percent of the total. | Of the 450 strikes in Syria through last week, about 25 percent were planned, military officials said. Of the 540 strikes in Iraq through the same period, there were even fewer, only 5 percent of the total. |
| Critics complain that the air campaign is flagging against an adaptive enemy. “We need to have more targeting capability than they have right now,” said Senator James M. Inhofe of Oklahoma, the senior Republican on the Armed Services Committee, who recently returned from Jordan, where several countries are using a base to fly combat missions against the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL. | |
| Targeting was also a major topic last week, when nearly 200 military officials from 33 countries completed an unusual battle-planning conference at the Central Command’s headquarters in Tampa, Fla. The goal was “to synchronize and refine coalition campaign plans designed to degrade and defeat ISIL,” the command said in a statement. | Targeting was also a major topic last week, when nearly 200 military officials from 33 countries completed an unusual battle-planning conference at the Central Command’s headquarters in Tampa, Fla. The goal was “to synchronize and refine coalition campaign plans designed to degrade and defeat ISIL,” the command said in a statement. |
| At the same time, the amount of resources available to strike the Islamic State continues to increase. Morocco is the latest Arab nation to respond to an American appeal for more firepower, sending several F-16s to the fight. The Central Command is also weighing whether to hire civilian contractors to operate additional military spy planes to fill a desperate need to hunt for more targets. | At the same time, the amount of resources available to strike the Islamic State continues to increase. Morocco is the latest Arab nation to respond to an American appeal for more firepower, sending several F-16s to the fight. The Central Command is also weighing whether to hire civilian contractors to operate additional military spy planes to fill a desperate need to hunt for more targets. |
| Every afternoon here in South Carolina, Col. Scott F. Murray, the senior intelligence officer at the base and a veteran of earlier air campaigns in Iraq, Afghanistan and Kosovo, convenes his top staff members to review targets: just completed, about to happen, and future strikes. | Every afternoon here in South Carolina, Col. Scott F. Murray, the senior intelligence officer at the base and a veteran of earlier air campaigns in Iraq, Afghanistan and Kosovo, convenes his top staff members to review targets: just completed, about to happen, and future strikes. |
| Some targets are automatically off-limits, such as dams, schools and hospitals. Several dozen come with restrictions, like rules that say they can be attacked only at night, when presumably no people are around. At any given time, there are fewer than 100 targets on the list that have been approved to be hit. | Some targets are automatically off-limits, such as dams, schools and hospitals. Several dozen come with restrictions, like rules that say they can be attacked only at night, when presumably no people are around. At any given time, there are fewer than 100 targets on the list that have been approved to be hit. |
| Planners at Al Udeid work down that list, matching up specific aircraft and specific weapons best suited to destroy or disable a target with minimum risk to civilians, officials said. | Planners at Al Udeid work down that list, matching up specific aircraft and specific weapons best suited to destroy or disable a target with minimum risk to civilians, officials said. |
| In recent weeks, these targets have included a vast network of tunnels in Kirkuk, Iraq, and a factory in Mosul, Iraq, that made improvised explosive devices. The analysts scan the satellite and U-2 spy plane imagery searching for telltale signs of potential targets: the Islamic State’s signature black flags, road checkpoints or walled fortifications under construction to defend a site. | In recent weeks, these targets have included a vast network of tunnels in Kirkuk, Iraq, and a factory in Mosul, Iraq, that made improvised explosive devices. The analysts scan the satellite and U-2 spy plane imagery searching for telltale signs of potential targets: the Islamic State’s signature black flags, road checkpoints or walled fortifications under construction to defend a site. |
| One of the main objectives for the scores of analysts and planners here is to squeeze the Islamic State’s financial lifeline by attacking its ability to produce and sell oil. So far, allied warplanes have damaged or destroyed more than two dozen smaller mobile refineries and about twice as many collection points where drivers dump their crude oil to be hauled to refineries, according to officials here. | One of the main objectives for the scores of analysts and planners here is to squeeze the Islamic State’s financial lifeline by attacking its ability to produce and sell oil. So far, allied warplanes have damaged or destroyed more than two dozen smaller mobile refineries and about twice as many collection points where drivers dump their crude oil to be hauled to refineries, according to officials here. |
| Working at computers in cubicles in nondescript offices, analysts examine lists of suggested targets or other “points of interest” offered by the C.I.A., American military intelligence agencies, allied spy organizations or Iraqi forces themselves. | Working at computers in cubicles in nondescript offices, analysts examine lists of suggested targets or other “points of interest” offered by the C.I.A., American military intelligence agencies, allied spy organizations or Iraqi forces themselves. |
| The analysts check to see if the targets are legitimate, fit the priorities of Gen. Lloyd J. Austin III, the head of the Central Command, and can be struck without risking civilian casualties. They use sophisticated computer programs to determine which weapon and which approach to the target will cause the least risk to civilians. | |
| What the warplanes are not hitting are the individual trucks hauling the illicit oil, out of fear that killing drivers who may just be trying to make ends meet for their families would only turn more Syrians against the West or alienate Sunni tribesmen, whose support is critical to ousting the militants, as well as Sunni Arab countries that are part of the American-led coalition. | What the warplanes are not hitting are the individual trucks hauling the illicit oil, out of fear that killing drivers who may just be trying to make ends meet for their families would only turn more Syrians against the West or alienate Sunni tribesmen, whose support is critical to ousting the militants, as well as Sunni Arab countries that are part of the American-led coalition. |
| Some Air Force officials express some frustration at the pace of approving suggested targets for strikes, a process that ultimately ends up on General Austin’s desk. | Some Air Force officials express some frustration at the pace of approving suggested targets for strikes, a process that ultimately ends up on General Austin’s desk. |
| Human rights groups concur that the military has taken steps to reduce the risk of civilian casualties in the airstrikes, but said the dangers would increase when allied-backed Iraqi ground forces seek to retake cities like Mosul. | |
| “When they’re actually fighting in urban areas, the challenges will be harder to make sure they’re not causing harm,” said Federico Borello, the executive director of the Center for Civilians in Conflict, an advocacy group. “The U.S. and coalition forces will need to have processes in place to investigate and respond to any allegations of civilian casualties.” | “When they’re actually fighting in urban areas, the challenges will be harder to make sure they’re not causing harm,” said Federico Borello, the executive director of the Center for Civilians in Conflict, an advocacy group. “The U.S. and coalition forces will need to have processes in place to investigate and respond to any allegations of civilian casualties.” |