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| Isis, a year of the caliphate: How powerful is the ‘Islamic State’ and what threat does it really pose to West? | Isis, a year of the caliphate: How powerful is the ‘Islamic State’ and what threat does it really pose to West? |
| (6 months later) | |
| It is now one year since Isis declared the territories it controls as a single caliphate, but because of the dangers of travelling there we still know surprisingly little about this brutal militant group. | It is now one year since Isis declared the territories it controls as a single caliphate, but because of the dangers of travelling there we still know surprisingly little about this brutal militant group. |
| Across the Western world, academics, experts and officials are struggling to get to grips with an organisation that only seems set to grow in its importance and influence. | Across the Western world, academics, experts and officials are struggling to get to grips with an organisation that only seems set to grow in its importance and influence. |
| Here, we ask eight leading authorities on the so-called “Islamic State” just how strong the group really is – and how much of a threat it poses to the rest of the world. | |
| Hassan Hassan is the co-author of Isis: Inside the Army of Terror and associate fellow in the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Chatham House | Hassan Hassan is the co-author of Isis: Inside the Army of Terror and associate fellow in the Middle East and North Africa Programme at Chatham House |
| Isis’s strength and popularity are fluid and vary from one place to another – in Syria, they are far less entrenched than they are in Iraq. The group’s defeat in Tal Abyad is a clear sign of that. | Isis’s strength and popularity are fluid and vary from one place to another – in Syria, they are far less entrenched than they are in Iraq. The group’s defeat in Tal Abyad is a clear sign of that. |
| But in Iraq and eastern Syria, the group has little to worry about from within its territories. It has managed to eliminate any potential threats emanating from these areas. But they are still vulnerable to attacks because they are surrounded by hostile groups, even though these groups have been busy fighting the regime or catching their breath from recent fighting. | But in Iraq and eastern Syria, the group has little to worry about from within its territories. It has managed to eliminate any potential threats emanating from these areas. But they are still vulnerable to attacks because they are surrounded by hostile groups, even though these groups have been busy fighting the regime or catching their breath from recent fighting. |
| Isis currently poses little threat to the West, but it is potentially more dangerous than al-Qaeda as its global network is expanding. The group also encourages individuals to take the initiative and be creative in small-scale attacks without even coordinating with the group. This seems to be the model Isis is focusing on at the moment. | Isis currently poses little threat to the West, but it is potentially more dangerous than al-Qaeda as its global network is expanding. The group also encourages individuals to take the initiative and be creative in small-scale attacks without even coordinating with the group. This seems to be the model Isis is focusing on at the moment. |
| Charlie Winter is an analyst with the counter-extremism think-tank Quilliam | Charlie Winter is an analyst with the counter-extremism think-tank Quilliam |
| In terms of numbers, we know people are going out there on a regular basis – not just from Western countries as their media output suggests, but from other Middle Eastern countries as well. | In terms of numbers, we know people are going out there on a regular basis – not just from Western countries as their media output suggests, but from other Middle Eastern countries as well. |
| But they are also losing fighters on a daily basis, and it’s always a question of replenishing only as fast as they are depleted. It’s something Isis tries to hide – the fact that it loses soldiers at such a high rate. | |
| At the same time, Isis’s attention has been drawn westward as the international coalition takes on a more aggressive role. Whereas before we had very few videos calling for direct attacks against the West, now they come very regularly indeed. | At the same time, Isis’s attention has been drawn westward as the international coalition takes on a more aggressive role. Whereas before we had very few videos calling for direct attacks against the West, now they come very regularly indeed. |
| Isis’s commanding presence in terms of ideological influence does mean it has more capacity to incite attacks than ever before – and while al-Qaeda was the first to set up an English-language magazine in Inspire, Isis has been far more successful at getting people to go the extra mile and actually carry out attacks. | Isis’s commanding presence in terms of ideological influence does mean it has more capacity to incite attacks than ever before – and while al-Qaeda was the first to set up an English-language magazine in Inspire, Isis has been far more successful at getting people to go the extra mile and actually carry out attacks. |
| Still concentrating on the caliphate | Still concentrating on the caliphate |
| Daniel Koehler is the director of the German Institute on Radicalisation and De-radicalisation Studies (Girds) | Daniel Koehler is the director of the German Institute on Radicalisation and De-radicalisation Studies (Girds) |
| Isis’s manpower is very hard to assess and some estimates reach as high as 200,000, but it most likely has something around 40,000 – 50,000 in Syria and Iraq, not including international groups and supporters. | Isis’s manpower is very hard to assess and some estimates reach as high as 200,000, but it most likely has something around 40,000 – 50,000 in Syria and Iraq, not including international groups and supporters. |
| The military strength of Isis is, after a short setback, mostly unbroken. They have changed their main tactics, which were too easy a target for coalition airstrikes and are now operating more covertly. | The military strength of Isis is, after a short setback, mostly unbroken. They have changed their main tactics, which were too easy a target for coalition airstrikes and are now operating more covertly. |
| Fighters of the Islamic State wave the group's flag from a damaged display of a government fighter jet following the battle for the Tabqa air base, in Raqqa, Syria | |
| AP | |
| Fighters from Islamic State group sit on their tank during a parade in Raqqa, Syria | |
| AP | |
| Fighters from the Islamic State group pray at the Tabqa air base after capturing it from the Syrian government in Raqqa, Syria | |
| AP | |
| Fighters from extremist Islamic State group parade in Raqqa, Syria | |
| AP | |
| A video uploaded to social networks shows men in underwear being marched barefoot along a desert road before being allegedly executed by Isis | |
| Getty Images | |
| Haruna Yukawa after his capture by Isis | |
| Khalinda Sharaf Ajour, a Yazidi, says two of her daughters were captured by Isis militants | |
| Washington Post | |
| Spokesperson for Isis | |
| Vice News via Youtube | |
| A pro-Isis leaflet handed out on Oxford Street In London | |
| Ghaffar Hussain | |
| Isis Jihadists burn their passports | |
| A man collecting aid administered by Isis in Syria | |
| A woman collecting aid administered by Isis in Syria | |
| Local civilians queue for aid administered by Isis. Since it declared a caliphate the group has increasingly been delivering services such as healthcare, and distributing aid and free fuel | |
| Iraqi security forces detain men suspected of being militants of the Isis group in Diyala province | |
| Mourners carry the coffin of a Shi'ite volunteer from the brigades of peace, who joined the Iraqi army and was killed during clashes with militants of the Isis group in Samarra, during his funeral in Najaf | |
| An Iraqi Shiite Turkmen family fleeing the violence in the Iraqi city of Tal Afar, west of Mosul, arrives at a refugee camp on the outskirts of Arbil, in Iraq's Kurdistan region | |
| A photograph made from a video by the jihadist affiliated group Furqan Media via their twitter account allegedly showing Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi delivering a sermon during Friday prayers at a mosque in Mosul. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared an Islamist caliphate in the territory under the group's control in Iraq and Syria | |
| Shiite's Al-Qubba Husseiniya mosque explodes in Mosul | |
| Smoke and debris go up in the air as Shiite's Al-Qubba Husseiniya mosque explodes in Mosul. Images posted online show that Islamic extremists have destroyed at least 10 ancient shrines and Shiite mosques in territory - the city of Mosul and the town of Tal Afar - they have seized in northern Iraq in recent weeks | |
| A bulldozer destroys Sunni's Ahmed al-Rifai shrine and tomb in Mahlabiya district outside of Tal Afar | |
| Iraqi security forces celebrate after clashes with followers of Shiite cleric Mahmoud al-Sarkhi, in front of his home in the Shiite holy city of Karbala, 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Baghdad | |
| Iraqi security forces arrest a follower of Shiite cleric Mahmoud al-Sarkhi after clashes with his followers in the Shiite holy city of Karbala, 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Baghdad | |
| Iraqi security forces arrest a follower of Shiite cleric Mahmoud al-Sarkhi at his home after clashes with his followers in the Shiite holy city of Karbala, 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Baghdad | |
| Iraqi security forces arrest a follower of Shiite cleric Mahmoud al-Sarkhi after clashes with his followers in the Shiite holy city of Karbala, 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Baghdad | |
| A vehicle burns in front of a home of a follower of Shiite cleric Mahmoud al-Sarkhi after clashes with his followers in the Shiite holy city of Karbala, 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Baghdad | |
| An Iraqi woman holds her exhausted son as over 1000 Iraqis who have fled fighting in and around the city of Mosul and Tal Afar wait at a Kurdish checkpoint in the hopes of entering a temporary displacement camp in Khazair | |
| Displaced Iraqi women hold pots as they queue to receive food during the first day of the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, at an encampment for displaced Iraqis who fled from Mosul and other towns, in the Khazer area outside Irbil, north Iraq | |
| A militant Islamist fighter waving a flag, cheers as he takes part in a military parade along the streets of Syria's northern Raqqa. The fighters held the parade to celebrate their declaration of an Islamic "caliphate" after the group captured territory in neighbouring Iraq | |
| Isis fighters wave flags as they take part in a military parade along the streets of Syria's northern Raqqa province | |
| Reuters | |
| Isis fighters travel in a vehicle as they take part in a military parade along the streets of Syria's northern Raqqa province | |
| Fighters from the Isis group during a parade with a missile in Raqqa, Syria. Militants from an al-Qaida splinter group held a military parade in their stronghold in northeastern Syria, displaying U.S.-made Humvees, heavy machine guns, and missiles captured from the Iraqi army for the first time since taking over large parts of the Iraq-Syria border | |
| Isis fighters during a parade in Raqqa, Syria | |
| Fighters from the Isis group during a parade in Raqqa, Syria. Militants from the splinter group held a military parade in their stronghold in northeastern Syria, displaying U.S.-made Humvees, heavy machine guns, and missiles captured from the Iraqi army for the first time since taking over large parts of the Iraq-Syria border | |
| Isis fighters hold a military parade in their stronghold in northeastern Syria | |
| Isis fighters during a parade in Raqqa, Syria | |
| A member loyal to the Isis waves an Isis flag in Raqqa | |
| Iraqi anti-government gunmen from Sunni tribes in the western Anbar province march during a protest in Ramadi, west of Baghdad. The United Nations warned that Iraq is at a "crossroads" and appealed for restraint, as a bloody four-day wave of violence killed 195 people. The violence is the deadliest so far linked to demonstrations that broke out in Sunni areas of the Shiite-majority country more than four months ago, raising fears of a return to all-out sectarian conflict | |
| Iraqi security forces hold up a flag of the Isis group they captured during an operation to regain control of Dallah Abbas north of Baqouba, the capital of Iraq's Diyala province, 35 miles (60 kilometers) northeast of Baghdad | |
| Isis fighters parade in the northern city of Mosul | |
| Volunteers, who have joined the Iraqi army to fight against the predominantly Sunni militants from the radical Isis group, demonstrate their skills during a graduation ceremony after completing their field training in Najaf | |
| Kurdish Peshmerga troops fire a cannon during clashes with militants of the Isis group in Jalawla, Diyala province | |
| Iraqi Prime Minister's security spokesman, Lieutenant General Qassem Atta speaks during a press conference about the latest military development in Iraq, in the capital Baghdad. Iraqi forces pressed a campaign to retake militant-held Tikrit, clashing with jihadist-led Sunni militants nearby and pounding positions inside the city with air strikes in their biggest counter-offensive so far | |
| An exterior view of a police station building destroyed by gunmen in Mosul city, northern Iraq. Iraq's new parliament is expected to convene to start the process of setting up a new government, despite deepening political rifts and an ongoing Islamist-led insurgency. Iraqi President Jalal Talabani issued a decree inviting the new House of Representatives to meet and form a new government | |
| Smoke billows from an area controlled by the Isis between the Iraqi towns of Naojul and Tuz Khurmatu, both located north of the capital Baghdad, as Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga forces take part in an operation to repel the Sunni militants | |
| An elderly Iraqi woman is helped into a temporary displacement camp for Iraqis caught-up in the fighting in and around the city of Mosul in Khazair | |
| An Iraqi Christian woman fleeing the violence in the village of Qaraqush, about 30 kms east of the northern province of Nineveh, cries upon her arrival at a community center in the Kurdish city of Arbil in Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan region | |
| An Iraqi woman, who fled with her family from the northern city of Mosul, prays with a copy of the Quran | |
| AP | |
| The body of an Isis militant killed during clashes with Iraqi security forces on the outskirts of the city of Samarra | |
| Reuters | |
| Iraqi civilians inspect the damage at a market after an air strike by the Iraqi army in central Mosul | |
| EPA | |
| Members of the Al-Abbas brigades, who volunteered to protect the Shiite Muslim holy sites in Karbala against Sunni militants fighting the Baghdad government, parade in the streets of the city | |
| AP | |
| Shia tribesmen gather in Baghdad to take up arms against Sunni insurgents marching on the capital. Thousands have volunteered to bolster defences | |
| AFP/Getty | |
| A van carrying volunteers joining Iraqi security forces against Jihadist militants. Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki announced the Iraqi government would arm and equip civilians who volunteered to fight | |
| AFP/Getty | |
| Fighters of the Isis group parade in a commandeered Iraqi security forces armored vehicle down a main road at the northern city of Mosul | |
| An Islamist fighter, identified as Abu Muthanna al-Yemeni from Britain (R), speaks in this still image taken undated video shot at an unknown location and uploaded to a social media website. Five Islamist fighters identified as Australian and British nationals have called on Muslims to join the wars in Syria and Iraq, in the new video released by the Isis | |
| Al-Qa’ida inspired militants stand with captured Iraqi Army Humvee at a checkpoint belonging to Iraqi Army outside Beiji refinery some 250 kilometers (155 miles) north of Baghdad. The fighting at Beiji comes as Iraq has asked the U.S. for airstrikes targeting the militants from the Isis group. While U.S. President Barack Obama has not fully ruled out the possibility of launching airstrikes, such action is not imminent in part because intelligence agencies have been unable to identify clear targets on the ground, officials said | |
| Militants attacked Iraq's main oil refinein Baiji as they pressed an offensive that has seen them capture swathes of territory, a manager and a refinery employee said | |
| Militants from the Isis group parading with their weapons in the northern city of Baiji in the in Salaheddin province | |
| A smoke rises after an attack by Isis militants on the country's largest oil refinery in Beiji, some 250 kilometers (155 miles) north of the capital, Baghdad. Iraqi security forces battled insurgents targeting the country's main oil refinery and said they regained partial control of a city near the Syrian border, trying to blunt an offensive by Sunni militants who diplomats fear may have also seized some 100 foreign workers | |
| Militants of the Isis group stand next to captured vehicles left behind by Iraqi security forces at an unknown location in the Salaheddin province. For militant groups, the fight over public perception can be even more important than actual combat, turning military losses into propaganda victories and battlefield successes into powerful tools to build support for the cause | |
| An injured fighter (C) from the Isis group after a battle with Iraqi soldiers at an undisclosed location near the border between Syria and Iraq | |
| Fighters from the Isis aiming at advancing Iraqi troops at an undisclosed location near the border between Syria and Iraq | |
| Fighters from the Isis group taking position at an undisclosed location near the border between Syria and Iraq | |
| Fighters from the Isis group inspecting vehicles of the Iraqi army after they were seized at an undisclosed location near the border between Syria and Iraq | |
| One Iraqi captive, a corporal, is reluctant to say the slogan, and has to be shouted at repeatedly before he obeys | |
| Sky News | |
| Iraqi captives held by the extremists | |
| Sky News | |
| Iraqi captives held by the extremists | |
| Sky News | |
| Militants of the Isis group force captured Iraqi security forces members to the transport | |
| Militants of the Isis group transporting dozens of captured Iraqi security forces members to an unknown location in the Salaheddin province ahead of executing them | |
| A major offensive spearheaded by Isis but also involving supporters of executed dictator Saddam Hussein has overrun all of one province and chunks of three others | |
| Militants of the Isis group executing dozens of captured Iraqi security forces members at an unknown location in the Salaheddin province | |
| Isis militants taking position at a Iraqi border post on the Syrian-Iraqi border between the Iraqi Nineveh province and the Syrian town of Al-Hasakah | |
| Isis rebels show their flag after seizing an army post | |
| AFP/Getty Images | |
| Isis militants waving an Islamist flag after the seizure of an Iraqi army checkpoint in Salahuddin | |
| Getty Images | |
| Demonstrators chant slogans as they carry al-Qa’ida flags in front of the provincial government headquarters in Mosul, 225 miles (360 kilometers) northwest of Baghdad. In the week since it captured Iraq's second-largest city, Mosul, a Muslim extremist group has tried to win over residents and has stopped short of widely enforcing its strict brand of Islamic law, residents say. Churches remain unharmed and street cleaners are back at work | |
| And they still control a vast geographical area and, despite some financial losses, are still by far the richest terrorist organisation ever seen. | And they still control a vast geographical area and, despite some financial losses, are still by far the richest terrorist organisation ever seen. |
| Currently, Isis is not really looking at attacking the West directly, although partially some propaganda has called for that. Most of their efforts are still concentrated at establishing the caliphate and holding the territory they have won. | Currently, Isis is not really looking at attacking the West directly, although partially some propaganda has called for that. Most of their efforts are still concentrated at establishing the caliphate and holding the territory they have won. |
| But there are currently two threats: Those in Western countries who support Isis and maybe want to travel to Syria but are hindered from doing so, and those who return from Isis territories. | But there are currently two threats: Those in Western countries who support Isis and maybe want to travel to Syria but are hindered from doing so, and those who return from Isis territories. |
| The former is statistically a greater threat – most returnees come back because they have not found what they were looking for with Isis. Most are traumatised and disillusioned. | The former is statistically a greater threat – most returnees come back because they have not found what they were looking for with Isis. Most are traumatised and disillusioned. |
| Getting closer and closer | Getting closer and closer |
| Dr Natasha Underhill is an expert on terrorism in the Middle East at Nottingham Trent University and author of Countering Global Terrorism and Insurgency | Dr Natasha Underhill is an expert on terrorism in the Middle East at Nottingham Trent University and author of Countering Global Terrorism and Insurgency |
| We usually think of strength in terms of numbers, but for Isis their strength comes from their tactical nature, their ability to re-group, their extreme fluidity and their staunch belief system. The assault on Mosul, for example, was led by just 800 Isis members – a relatively small number compared to the thousands of Iraqi security forces that they were able to overcome. | We usually think of strength in terms of numbers, but for Isis their strength comes from their tactical nature, their ability to re-group, their extreme fluidity and their staunch belief system. The assault on Mosul, for example, was led by just 800 Isis members – a relatively small number compared to the thousands of Iraqi security forces that they were able to overcome. |
| The threat to the West from Isis’s control centre is not as severe as we might think at this point in time. The group is more focused on developing and expanding its caliphate – and with every territorial gain they get closer and closer to doing so. | The threat to the West from Isis’s control centre is not as severe as we might think at this point in time. The group is more focused on developing and expanding its caliphate – and with every territorial gain they get closer and closer to doing so. |
| When they are more stable in terms of controlling territory it is then that their focus may turn outward, however. It’s reported members of Isis in command positions have started posting propaganda saying that the group has its eye on the West, an ominous sign given the trouble we are having dealing with them in Iraq and Syria. | When they are more stable in terms of controlling territory it is then that their focus may turn outward, however. It’s reported members of Isis in command positions have started posting propaganda saying that the group has its eye on the West, an ominous sign given the trouble we are having dealing with them in Iraq and Syria. |
| Sleeper cells and refugee flows | Sleeper cells and refugee flows |
| Joseph Willits is an official with the Council for Arab-British Understanding (Caabu) and a former teacher based in Syria | Joseph Willits is an official with the Council for Arab-British Understanding (Caabu) and a former teacher based in Syria |
| The most serious threat that Isis poses to the West remains in the repercussions of their actions and territorial gains, exacerbated by the actions of the Assad regime in Syria. Conflicts will continue to displace thousands of people. | |
| From just 2 to 15 June, more than 23,000 people fled into Turkey due to fighting near the border between Isis and the Syrian Kurdish forces. With Isis in Libya, the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean will only worsen. Inevitably, these huge refugee flows will impact greatly on Europe. The subsequent costs will be huge, as will the effects on key western strategic interests in the region, such as Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. | From just 2 to 15 June, more than 23,000 people fled into Turkey due to fighting near the border between Isis and the Syrian Kurdish forces. With Isis in Libya, the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean will only worsen. Inevitably, these huge refugee flows will impact greatly on Europe. The subsequent costs will be huge, as will the effects on key western strategic interests in the region, such as Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. |
| Isis’s primary goal at the moment is to establish a state, and maintain its hold on cities like Mosul and Raqqa. But while Isis may not directly prioritise the shedding of blood in European capitals or in tourist sites across the Middle East, they would certainly benefit from sleeper cells, stirring things up and intensifying this climate of fear. | Isis’s primary goal at the moment is to establish a state, and maintain its hold on cities like Mosul and Raqqa. But while Isis may not directly prioritise the shedding of blood in European capitals or in tourist sites across the Middle East, they would certainly benefit from sleeper cells, stirring things up and intensifying this climate of fear. |
| A catalyst for global terror activity | A catalyst for global terror activity |
| Peter Welby is an analyst for Religion & Geopolitics, part of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation | Peter Welby is an analyst for Religion & Geopolitics, part of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation |
| Isis’s message is drawing support and foreign fighters from around the world. The risk is that this could be a catalyst for global terrorist activity which could be even worse than what we have seen from al-Qaeda. | Isis’s message is drawing support and foreign fighters from around the world. The risk is that this could be a catalyst for global terrorist activity which could be even worse than what we have seen from al-Qaeda. |
| The fact is they are winning the battle of ideas. Isis is not a death cult as it is sometimes described – it is a well-organised, well-resourced and religion-based extremist movement that is growing in influence well beyond the borders of Iraq and Syria. | The fact is they are winning the battle of ideas. Isis is not a death cult as it is sometimes described – it is a well-organised, well-resourced and religion-based extremist movement that is growing in influence well beyond the borders of Iraq and Syria. |
| To certain people, mainly disaffected young men, its apocalyptic narrative of a final war between Islam and non-believers will continue to resonate. | To certain people, mainly disaffected young men, its apocalyptic narrative of a final war between Islam and non-believers will continue to resonate. |
| A serious threat to the UK | A serious threat to the UK |
| Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office, via a spokesperson | Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office, via a spokesperson |
| Isil (another name for Isis) has lost significant areas of territory and it’s clear that overall, the Global Coalition is pushing it back. The action being taken by the coalition, in support of Iraqi security forces, has liberated key towns in Northern Iraq including Rabiyah, Zumar and broken the siege of the Yazidis on Mount Sinja. Iraqi Security Forces have re-taken Tikrit, and in Syria Isil were pushed out of Kobane and coalition action has supported the liberation of Tal Abyad. | |
| We face a real and serious threat in the UK. | We face a real and serious threat in the UK. |
| People seeking to travel to engage in terrorist activity in Syria or Iraq should be in no doubt we will take the strongest possible action to protect our national security, including prosecuting those who break the law. We also have a wide range of powers at our disposal to disrupt travel and manage the risk posed by returnees. | People seeking to travel to engage in terrorist activity in Syria or Iraq should be in no doubt we will take the strongest possible action to protect our national security, including prosecuting those who break the law. We also have a wide range of powers at our disposal to disrupt travel and manage the risk posed by returnees. |
| Farah Pandith is a former Special Representative to Muslim Communities for the US State Department and senior fellow at Harvard University’s Institute of Politics | Farah Pandith is a former Special Representative to Muslim Communities for the US State Department and senior fellow at Harvard University’s Institute of Politics |
| Because Isis’s ideology has no borders, recruits come from a demographic that is not within a region. So when we talk about why people should be paying attention to it, it isn’t just because there are people getting recruited in your backyard, it’s because the infection of this ideology is changing the absolute fabric of the globe, both in custom and in tradition and in the way people think about things. | Because Isis’s ideology has no borders, recruits come from a demographic that is not within a region. So when we talk about why people should be paying attention to it, it isn’t just because there are people getting recruited in your backyard, it’s because the infection of this ideology is changing the absolute fabric of the globe, both in custom and in tradition and in the way people think about things. |
| Isis is changing the way young people think about their identity. This ideology has an impact across all borders, particularly for millennials, and it is a global threat to us all. | Isis is changing the way young people think about their identity. This ideology has an impact across all borders, particularly for millennials, and it is a global threat to us all. |