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Why the US government has shut down and what happens now Why has the US government shut down and what does it mean?
(1 day later)
Watch: What could happen during the US government shutdown?Watch: What could happen during the US government shutdown?
Funding for the US government has been cut off after President Donald Trump's Republican Party failed to agree with opposition Democrats on a way forward on a spending bill. The US federal government has shut down after Republican and Democratic politicians failed to resolve a budget dispute.
It means that some - but not all - US government services are coming to a temporary halt. It means that some, but not all, US government services are temporarily suspended, and 40% of the federal workforce – about 750,000 people – are expected to be put on unpaid leave.
Although budget confrontations are common in US politics, this spending fight is especially tense because Trump has spent the last nine months drastically cutting the size of the national government. He has suggested that the present impasse could give him an opportunity to do more of this. Although budget confrontations are common in US politics, this spending fight is especially tense because President Donald Trump has drastically reduced the size of the national government since taking office, and has suggested he may use the current impasse to make further cuts.
Why has the US government shut down?Why has the US government shut down?
This has happened because the Republicans and Democrats could not to come together and pass a bill funding government services into October and beyond. The shutdown happened because Republicans and Democrats could not agree to pass a bill funding government services into October and beyond.
The Republicans control both chambers of Congress, but in the Senate - or upper chamber - they are short of the 60 votes they need to pass a spending bill. Under the US system, the different branches of government have to reach an agreement on spending plans before they can become law.
Opposition Democrats, therefore, have some leverage. The Republicans currently control both chambers of Congress. But in the Senate - or upper chamber - they are short of the 60 votes needed to pass the spending bill, which gives opposition Democrats some negotiating power.
Both sides have been in a bitter standoff over healthcare spending, and the Democrats have refused to back a Republican bill that they say will make it harder for Americans to afford healthcare. They want to see an extension of expiring tax credits which make health insurance cheaper for millions of Americans, and for a reversal of Trump's cuts to Medicaid, a government healthcare programme used by millions of elderly, disabled and low-income people.
They are calling for an extension of tax credits - which are set to expire - that make health insurance cheaper for millions of Americans, and for a reversal of cuts to Medicaid that have been made by Trump. Democrats also oppose spending cuts to government health agencies. Democrats also oppose spending cuts to government health agencies.
A stopgap bill was earlier passed in the House, or lower chamber, but is yet to clear the Senate. A stopgap bill designed to avoid the shutdown was passed in the House, or lower chamber, but did not clear the Senate.
And so, at 00:01 EDT on Wednesday (04:01 GMT), it became official: the US had its first shutdown for nearly seven years. And so, at 00:01 EDT on Wednesday 1 October (04:01 GMT), it became official: the US had its first shutdown for nearly seven years.
Follow live updates Which government services will stop, and which will carry on?
When will the shutdown end? Not all aspects of government will shut down - services deemed essential will continue as normal, although in many cases staff will not be paid for the duration of the shutdown.
That is anyone's guess. The last time this happened, in 2018, the shutdown was the longest in history at 35 days. Border protection and law enforcement staff, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents, in-hospital medical care and air-traffic control workers are expected to operate as usual.
Government shutdowns are easy to get into, but not so easy to get out of. In this case, it really depends on when - or if - one of the parties will agree to a compromise. Social security and Medicare cheques will still be sent out, although benefit verification and card issuance work may stop.
There are two main ways this could end - either the Republicans negotiate an extension to the healthcare subsidies that the Democrats are demanding, or the shutdown becomes so disruptive that the Democrats back down and agree to fund the government - at least temporarily - to get things up and running again. Government employees deemed non-essential will be temporarily put on unpaid leave. Contractors who work for federal agencies but are not directly employed by the government will miss out on work, too.
So far, the Trump administration has been been unwilling to offer any substantive concessions, and believe the Democrats will bear the brunt of the public's blame because they are the side making demands in exchange for keeping the government open. Services like the food assistance programme and federally-funded pre-school and institutions like the Smithsonian museums will likely be reduced or closed.
Democrats, meanwhile, believe their push for preserving health-insurance subsidies is a popular one. Several agencies, like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are also expected to furlough many workers, affecting ongoing research projects.
What is more, their congressional leaders provoked the ire of left-wing activists for backing down during the last budget bout in March. Many Democrats are itching for a bigger fight this time around – and funding the government is one of the only places where their party has some leverage. National parks and forests remained open during the last shutdown in 2018, but with few or no staff, which experts said led to a rise in vandalism, littering and looting of historical sites.
What is the impact and what jobs are affected? There could also be travel delays. The Airlines for America trade body warned that flight systems might "need to slow down, reducing efficiency". Passport agencies have also warned that it could take longer than usual to process travel documents.
Not all of government will shut down - those deemed essential workers continue as normal, although without pay for the time being.
Border protection, law enforcement, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents, in-hospital medical care and air-traffic control workers are expected to continue to operate as usual.
While social security and Medicare cheques will still be sent out, benefit verification and card issuance may stop.
Government employees deemed non-essential are temporarily put on unpaid leave. In the past, these workers have then been paid retrospectively.
That means that services like the food assistance programme and federally-funded pre-school and institutions like the Smithsonian museums will likely be curtailed or closed.
Several agencies, like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are likely to furlough many workers, affecting ongoing research and experiments already in progress.
National parks and forests remained open during the last shutdown, but with few or no staff. This led to vandalism, littering and looting of historical sites, park advocates said.
There could also be travel delays. Flight systems might "need to slow down, reducing efficiency", a representative from Airlines for America has warned. Passport agencies have warned that it could take longer than usual to process travel documents.
Jobs, travel, national parks - what impact will the shutdown have?Jobs, travel, national parks - what impact will the shutdown have?
18 ways the 2018 shutdown hurt
Mail will still be delivered and post offices will remain open because the US Postal Service does not depend on Congress for funding.Mail will still be delivered and post offices will remain open because the US Postal Service does not depend on Congress for funding.
Most American schools are state-funded, however the federal government is responsible for billions of dollars in grants and student loans, which could effectively come to a halt. That said - because the grants are awarded during the summer, they will be largely unaffected during this shutdown, the education secretary has said. Most American schools are state-funded, but the federal government is responsible for billions of dollars in grants and student loans, which could effectively come to a halt.
Government shutdowns often start off slow, but the pain steadily builds and has a knock-on effect not only to federal workers, but ordinary Americans. However, because the grants are typically awarded during the summer, they will be largely unaffected during this shutdown, according to the education secretary.
Overall, analysts expect that this shutdown could be bigger than the last one in 2018. Members of Congress will also still be paid, a convention that has been criticised by some politicians.
Around 750,000 federal workers - roughly 40% - will be taking unpaid leave each day, according to an estimate from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). How has the White House responded to the shutdown?
In the past, lengthy government shutdowns were usually seen as politically dangerous, hampering voters' everyday lives and the reputation of lawmakers and the president.
What's different about the White House response this time? After previous shutdowns were resolved, government operations mostly returned to normal, with staff and spending levels largely going back to what they had been before.
What stands out about this current standoff is the position of Trump's team. However this time, the White House appears more than happy to shutter large parts of the US government for an extended period.
In the past, long shutdowns were usually seen as politically dangerous, hampering both voters' everyday lives and the images of lawmakers and the president. Over the past nine months the Trump administration has slashed government spending and sacked many federal workers, testing the boundaries of presidential power.
But this time, the Trump administration appears more than happy to shutter large parts of the US government for an extended period. In fact, officials have threatened to use a shutdown to identify "non-essential" workers who could then be permanently let go. Officials have threatened to use the shutdown to identify more "non-essential" workers who could be permanently let go.
"We'll be laying off a lot of people," Trump said on Tuesday. "We'll be laying off a lot of people," Trump said on Tuesday 30 September, the day before the shutdown began.
18 ways the last shutdown hurt White House says layoffs 'imminent'
Also, after previous shutdowns, government operations mostly returned to normal, with staff and spending levels largely going back to what they had been before, once the standoff was resolved. While both Democrats and Republicans are blaming each other for the current standoff, they did make last-ditch efforts to try to avoid it.
Over the past nine months, however, the Trump administration has slashed spending and pushed workers out of their jobs, testing the boundaries of presidential power. A shutdown could allow the administration to accelerate its massive reductions. On Monday 29 September, Trump met all four congressional leaders - the top Democrats in the House and Senate as well as their Republican counterparts, but little progress was made, and both sides appeared to dig deeper into their positions.
While both sides are blaming each other for the situation, they did make last-ditch efforts to try to avoid it. How long will the current shutdown last?
On Monday, Trump met all four congressional leaders - the top Democrats in the House and Senate as well as their Republican counterparts. But there was little progress, and both sides appear to have dug deeper into their positions. It is difficult to say. In this case, it really depends when - or if - either of the parties will agree to a compromise.
When was the last government shutdown? The Republicans could negotiate an extension to the healthcare subsidies demanded by the Democrats.
US government shutdowns have become quite common over the past 50 years - there were three during Trump's first term alone. Alternatively the shutdown could become so disruptive that the Democrats decide to back down and agree to fund the government - at least temporarily - to get things up and running again.
We last saw a shutdown in late 2018, which lasted 35 days - the longest in history. So far, the Trump administration has been been unwilling to offer substantive concessions. It believes the Democrats will bear the brunt of the public's blame because it argues the party's demands caused the shutdown.
It was brought about by disagreements over funding a wall on the Mexico border. It finally ended in part because air traffic controllers, who had been working for a month without pay, started calling in sick en masse. Flights were cancelled or delayed because of the lack of staff, and the shutdown came to an end shortly afterwards. Meanwhile the Democrats believe their efforts to secure cheaper healthcare are popular.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that the 2018-2019 shutdown reduced economic output by about $11bn, including $3bn that it never regained. The party's congressional leaders provoked the ire of some left-wing activists for backing down during the last budget dispute in March.
But shutdowns pre-date Trump. The second longest to date was 21 days, under Democrat Bill Clinton in 1995. Barack Obama, also a Democrat, saw a 16-day shutdown during his time in the White House, and Republican Ronald Reagan oversaw eight shutdowns during his presidency in the 1980s - though all were relatively brief. Many Democrats seem to be itching for a bigger fight this time around – and funding the government is one of the only places where the party has some leverage.
Why government shutdowns only seem to happen in the US Four ways this shutdown could end
Shutdowns over budgets are a unique aspect of US politics. How could the shutdown affect the economy?
Under the US system, the different branches of government have to reach an agreement on spending plans before they can become law.
In most countries, budget votes become votes of confidence in the government itself. But because the US has equal and often divided branches of government, that is not the case.
How could this shutdown affect the economy?
The scale of the damage will depend in part on how long the shutdown lasts - and how wide ranging it is.The scale of the damage will depend in part on how long the shutdown lasts - and how wide ranging it is.
In the past, disruption has tended to be temporary, with any lost activity mostly made up in the months after the shutdown ends. Analysts estimate it could shave roughly 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points off economic growth for each week that it continues - although much of that could be recouped, as has happened after previous shutdowns.
Analysts estimate a shutdown this time could shave roughly 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points off economic growth for each week that it lasts - though much of that could be recouped.
That relatively muted impact may be why the stock market seems to be shrugging off this latest threat.That relatively muted impact may be why the stock market seems to be shrugging off this latest threat.
But, again, there are some ways that this shutdown could look different. But if Trump ends up firing workers, rather than temporarily putting them on furlough, the impact could be more substantial.
For one thing, Trump has threatened to fire - not just furlough - some workers, which would make the impact more long lasting. The US economy has already been hit by the effects of Trump's tariffs, with the likely delay of key data - such as the official US monthly jobs report - expected to add to the uncertainty.
The fight is also injecting more turmoil into an economy already being roiled by changes like tariffs and artificial intelligence, with the likely delay of key data - such as the official US monthly jobs report - expected to add to the uncertainty. What tariffs has Trump announced and why?
What happened during the last US government shutdown?
Shutdowns over budgets are a unique aspect of US politics.
They have become quite common over the past 50 years - with three taking place during Trump's first presidential term.
The last shutdown in late 2018 lasted 35 days - the longest in history.
It was brought about by disagreements over funding a wall on the Mexico border. It finally ended in part because air traffic controllers, who had been working for a month without pay, started calling in sick en masse.
Flights were cancelled or delayed because of the lack of staff, and the shutdown came to an end shortly afterwards.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that the 2018-2019 shutdown reduced economic output by about $11bn, including $3bn that it never regained.
But shutdowns pre-date Trump.
The second longest to date was 21 days, under Democrat President Bill Clinton in 1995. His fellow Democrat Barack Obama had a 16-day shutdown during his time in the White House, and Republican Ronald Reagan oversaw eight shutdowns during his presidency in the 1980s - though all were relatively brief.
Why government shutdowns only seem to happen in the US
Are you a federal worker in the US? Get in touch here or use the form below.Are you a federal worker in the US? Get in touch here or use the form below.