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UN climate talks near chaotic end UN climate talks near chaotic end
(about 1 hour later)
  By Richard Black Environment correspondent, BBC News, Durban   By Richard Black Environment correspondent, BBC News, Durban
India is emerging as the country leading opposition to a strong binding deal on climate change at the annual UN talks in South Africa.India is emerging as the country leading opposition to a strong binding deal on climate change at the annual UN talks in South Africa.
Other important countries including the US are prepared to negotiate an emission-curbing "legal instrument" by 2015, taking effect by 2020.Other important countries including the US are prepared to negotiate an emission-curbing "legal instrument" by 2015, taking effect by 2020.
India is holding out for a start after 2020, and the weaker "legal outcome". India is holding out to start after 2020, and the weaker "legal outcome".
The EU and large blocs of countries vulnerable to climate impacts say this is a "red line" issue.The EU and large blocs of countries vulnerable to climate impacts say this is a "red line" issue.
They are concerned that it would not be early enough or binding enough to prevent dangerous impacts, such as sea level rise that could eventually make low-lying islands uninhabitable. They are concerned that 2020 is too late to prevent dangerous impacts, such as a rise in sea levels that could eventually make low-lying islands uninhabitable.
"The latest text is not acceptable to us and to many other parties," said UK Climate Secretary Chris Huhne. Impassioned arguments
"The UK, as part of the EU, will continue to push for the most credible deal that meets the needs of the science." "If there is no legal instrument by which we can make countries respnsible for their actions, then we are relagating countries to the fancies of beautiful words," said Karl Hood, Grenada's Foreign Minister, speaking for the Alliance of Small Island States (Aosis).
"While they develop, we die; and why should we accept this?"
UK Climate Secretary Chris Huhne agreed the weaker text and the longer timeline were not acceptable.
Climate change glossary Select a term to learn more:
Adaptation Action that helps cope with the effects of climate change - for example construction of barriers to protect against rising sea levels, or conversion to crops capable of surviving high temperatures and drought. Glossary in full
"The UK, as part of the EU, will continue to push for the most credible deal that meets the needs of the science," he said.
The latest draft waters down several aspects of a version released earlier in the day, and brings it closer to the original positions of the Basic group - Brazil, South Africa, India and China - and the US.The latest draft waters down several aspects of a version released earlier in the day, and brings it closer to the original positions of the Basic group - Brazil, South Africa, India and China - and the US.
Many other issues are tied up in the long documents now before delegates, who are midway through a series of official sessions at which all the texts must be approved. And Basic delegates lined up to argue their case.
If they cannot reach agreement on the key "roadmap" points, there is a real prospect of talks ending in impasse. "I stand firm on my position of equity," said an impassioned Jayanthi Natarajan, India's Environment Minister.
"This is not about India, it is about the entire world."
India believes in maintaining the current stark division where only countries labelled "developed" have to cut their greenhouse gas emissions.
Western nations, she said, have not cut their own emissions as they had pledged; and China's Xie Zhenhua agreed.
Apparently trembling with rage, he berated the established developed world: "We are doing things you are not doing... we want to see your real actions".
However, Bangladesh weighed in on the side of Aosis, saying a new legally-binding deal is needed.
Aosis and the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) agree that rich countries need to do more.
But they also accept analyses concluding that fast-developing countries such as China will need to cut their emissions several years in the future if governments are to meet their goal of keeping the rise in global average temperature since pre-industrial times below 2C.
'Kyoto gutted''Kyoto gutted'
"The deal, as it stands, is due to be implemented 'from 2020'," said Ruth Davis, policy adviser for Greenpeace UK. Many other issues are tied up in the long documents now before delegates.
"That leaves almost no room for increasing the depth of carbon cuts in this crucial decade when scientists say we need emissions to peak. But if they cannot reach agreement on the key "roadmap" points, there is a real prospect of talks ending in impasse.
Climate change glossary Select a term to learn more:
Adaptation Action that helps cope with the effects of climate change - for example construction of barriers to protect against rising sea levels, or conversion to crops capable of surviving high temperatures and drought. Glossary in full
"So we could still be facing the prospect of the global climate regime amounting to nothing more than a voluntary deal put off for a decade."
India's stance is that the "roadmap" breaks down the barrier erected between developed and developing countries established when the UN climate convention was set up in 1992.
Since then, only members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) - the world's most developed countries - and former Soviet states have been required to cut their emissions.
But the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) bloc, the Alliance of Small Island States (Aosis) and the EU say climate change cannot be curbed without eventually requiring cuts from all, as per-capita emissions from countries such as China are approaching western levels.
The EU itself came in for criticism over its stance on the Kyoto Protocol (KP), with delegates from the Latin American Alba group urging it to increase the depth of its carbon cuts and accept more legally-binding language than is currently in the text.The EU itself came in for criticism over its stance on the Kyoto Protocol (KP), with delegates from the Latin American Alba group urging it to increase the depth of its carbon cuts and accept more legally-binding language than is currently in the text.
"This guts Kyoto," said Paul Oquist Kelley, minister secretary for national policy for Nicaragua."This guts Kyoto," said Paul Oquist Kelley, minister secretary for national policy for Nicaragua.
"And the preamble talks about a 'global response', which means completely the opposite of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'.""And the preamble talks about a 'global response', which means completely the opposite of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'."
Dr Kelley also condemned developed nations for failing to deliver finance that they promised at the Copenhagen summit two years ago.Dr Kelley also condemned developed nations for failing to deliver finance that they promised at the Copenhagen summit two years ago.
Small-group meetings are continuing on the roadmap and a few other issues, though it is hard to see what can be achieved, given the incompatibility of the basic positions.
An added complication is that some ministers have already left, with the meeting running more than a day beyond its scheduled close.
The South African hosts have come in for a lot of criticism over a perceived lack of strategy and urgency.The South African hosts have come in for a lot of criticism over a perceived lack of strategy and urgency.
Forgery fury And an added complication is that some ministers have already left, with the meeting running more than a day beyond its scheduled close.
What delayed matters further was a fake text issued apparently by the South African presidency after consultation with the EU, US, Brazil, India and China. Agreement looks within reach on several other aspects, including a management framework for the Green Climate Fund, which will eventually gather and disburse finance amounting to $100bn (£63.8bn) per year to help poor countries develop cleanly and adapt to climate impacts.
It contained weaker targets and longer timescales, and was initially greeted with consternation by the EU, Aosis and the LDCs, which have been pressing hardest for a strong deal. There also appears to be a draft accord on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (Redd).
The consternation turned to fury when it was discovered that the text was fake. European officials said it appeared to be a deliberate attempt to stall negotiations.
The perpetrator has not been identified. But it appears likely that the aim was to fracture the ad-hoc partnership between the EU and its developing world allies.
Agreement looks within reach on several other aspects, including a management framework for the Green Climate Fund, which will eventually gather and disburse finance amounting to $100bn per year to help poor countries develop cleanly and adapt to climate impacts.
There also appears to be a draft accord on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD).
But with disagreement manifesting itself in the halls, everything could be held hostage to the main disagreement on the roadmap.But with disagreement manifesting itself in the halls, everything could be held hostage to the main disagreement on the roadmap.
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